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CNS > Embryology and development > Flashcards

Embryology and development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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2
Q

What is formed in the body from the Ectoderm?

A

Skin

Nervous system

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3
Q

What is formed in the body from the Mesoderm?

A 
Bone
Kidney
Blood
Heart
Muscle
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4
Q

What is formed in the body from the Endoderm?

A

Gut
Liver
Lungs

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5
Q

What is formed first during neural tube formation?

A

Notochord - cylinder of mesoderm

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6
Q

What is formed as the neural fold moves inwards?

A

The neural groove which fuses to form the neural tube

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7
Q

What does the overlying surface ectoderm form?

A

Skin

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8
Q

What is formed from the neural tube?

A

Brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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9
Q

When does neural tube closure occur during development?

A

3rd week of embryogenesis

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10
Q

In what direction does neural tube closure progress?

A

Rostrally and caudally

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11
Q

How many vesicles are present at the start and end of brain development?

A 
start = 3 
end = 5
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12
Q

What 3 parts of the brain form from the prosencephalon?

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • optic cup
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13
Q

What occurs as a result of a caudal neural tube close defect?

A

Spina bifida - vertebrae are incomplete

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the neuroepithelium?

A
  • germinal
  • mantle
  • marginal
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15
Q

What is the purpose of selective pruning?

A

All neurons are formed during development, which produces an excess
Pruning reduces the number of neurons and selects for the ones that are needed

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16
Q

What do the mantle and marginal form in the brain?

A 
mantle = grey matter
marginal = white matter
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17
Q

Compare where afferent and efferent nerves originate from

A

Afferent (sensory) - from neural crest, cell bodies in ganglia

Efferent (motor) - from neural tube basal plate, cell bodies in CNS

18
Q

How does development of the medulla occur?

A

Alar plates move laterally and the cavity of the neural tube expands dorsally forming the fourth ventricle

19
Q

How does the development of horses, cows and sheep differ to cats and dogs?

A

Horses, cows, sheep:

  • Have young with good motor function at birth
  • well developed cerebellum

Cat and dog:

  • young have poor motor function
  • poorly developed cerebellum at birth
  • thick germinal layer
20
Q

Where is the forebrain developed from?

A

Alar plate

21
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs - each has a dorsal and ventral branch

22
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves in order

A 
I	Olfactory
II	Optic
III	Occulomotor
IV	Trochlear
V	Trigeminal
VI	Abducent
VII	Facial
VIII	Vestibulo-cochlear
IX	Glosso-pharyngeal
X	Vagus
XI	Accessory
XII	Hypo-glossal
23
Q

How are bodies cavities formed in the trunk?

A

Belts of mesoderm in the trunk contain spaces where cavitation occurs

24
Q

Why does cavitation not occur in the head?

A

Intermediate mesoderm fails to develop

Lateral plate mesoderm remains as solid belt of tissue surrounding gut tube

25
Q

What do the 7 segments in the head consist of?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Somites
  • Endoderm
  • Lateral plate mesoderm
  • Segmental arteries
  • Neuraxis
  • Nerves
26
Q

Is conscious control somatic or autonomic?

A

Somatic

27
Q

In what direction does afferent supply?

A

Towards the brain

28
Q

What are the lateral indentations that mark the segments externally? Which segment does not have this?

A

Pharyngeal clefts

1st segment

29
Q

What is the outer epithelial covering (ectoderm) innervated by?

A

Somatic afferents

30
Q

What is the inner epithelial covering (endoderm) innervated by?

A

Autonomic afferents/efferents

31
Q

Where is the lateral plate mesoderm located?

A

Belt of striated skeletal muscle that surrounds pharynx of all segments except segment 1 - referred to as pharyngeal arch

32
Q

What is the lateral plate mesoderm innervated by?

A

Special visceral efferents

33
Q

Which is obliterated as the brain/head continues to develop?

A
  • Somites 4 and 5
  • Pharyngeal arch 5
  • Arterial arches 1 and 2
  • Pharyngeal clefts/pouches 5 and 6
  • Ectoderm of segments 6 and 7
34
Q

Which somites migrate, and where do they migrate to?

A

6 and 7

to the floor of the mouth

35
Q

Describe the lining of the mouth

A

Front part of the mouth is lined with ectoderm, the back is lined with endoderm

36
Q

What is the tongue innervated by?

A

Somatic efferents

37
Q

What develops from the depression in the floor of arches 4 and 6 (laryngo-tracheal groove)?

A

Trachea and lungs which then become part of the thorax

38
Q

Which clefts/pouches form the different parts of the ear?

A

Cleft 1 = external ear

Pouch 1 = middle ear cavity

39
Q

From which segments does most of the skin of the head come from?

A

1 and 2

40
Q

What do somites 1-7 go on to form?

A

1-3 = extrinsic muscles of the eye
4 and 5 = disappear
6 and 7 = muscles of the tongue

CNS (12 decks)

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