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Neurology > embryology&anatomy > Flashcards

embryology&anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

the dorsal and ventral plate

A

dorsal-alar: sensory

ventral-basal: motor

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1
Q

neural development

A

notochord–>overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate–>neural plate gives rise to the neural tube and neural crest cell
notochord becomes nucleus pulpous of the intervertebral disc in adult

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2
Q

neuropore

A

rostral(25days): polyhydramnios, increase AFP, amencephaly

caudal(27days): spinabifida, increase AFP

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3
Q

Forebrain develops into?

A

Forebrain(prosencephalon)
Telencephalon–Cerebral hemispheres–Lateral ventricles
Diencephalon–Thalamus–Third ventricle

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4
Q

Midbrain development

A

midbrain(mesencephalon)

mesencephalon–midbrain–aqueduct

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5
Q

Hindbrain

A

hindbrain(rhombencephanlon)
metencephalon–pons, cerebellum–upper part of 4 th ventricle
myelencephalon–medulla–lower part of 4th ventricle

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6
Q

end of spinal cord:

A

3 month: cord=body length
birth: end at L10
Adult end at L2

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7
Q

anencephaly

A

malformation of anterior neural tube resulting in no forebrain
open calvarium, frog like
increase AFP
polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain)
associated with maternal DM, folate decrease the risk

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8
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

failure of left and right hemispheres to seperate
occurs during week 5-6
complex multifactorial etiology that may be related to mutation in sonic hedehog signaling pathway
moderate form has cleft lip/palate
most severe form results in cyclopia

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9
Q

Chiari ii

Arnold Chiari malformation

A

significant cerebellar tonsillar and vermian herniation through foramen magnum
aqueductal stenosis/compression of 4th ven and hydrocephalus
thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele and paralysis below the defect
syringomyelia

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10
Q

Chiari I

A

cerebellar tonsillar herniation into forman magnum

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11
Q

dandy-walker

A

agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa)
associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida
failure of Luschka& Magendie to open

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12
Q

syringomyelia

A

softening & cavitation around the central canal of spinal cord
damage crossfibers of spinothalamic tract
cape-like, bilateral loss of pain and temp of upper extremeties(ine touch sensation is preserved)
associated with Chiari I malformation (>3-5mm tonsillar ectopia)
most common C8-T1

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13
Q

tongue innvervation?

A

anterior2/3, from 1st barch–V3 by sensation and taste by VII
posterior1/3, from 3rd and 4th arch–both by IX
motor innervation by CN XII
muscles of the tongue are derived from occipital myotomes

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14
Q

neuroectoderm give rise to?

A

CNS neurons(*retina and optic nerve, brain and spinal cord)
ependymal cells(inner lining of ventricles, make CSF)
olligodendroglia
astrocytes

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15
Q

Neural crest

A

PNS neurons

Schwann cells

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16
Q

Mesoderm

A

microgalia, like macrophage

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17
Q

nissl substance

A

in the cell bodies and dendrites of signal-relaying cells
stains RER
not present in the axon

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18
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

injured axon
degeneration distal to injury and axonal retraction proximally,
allows for potential regeneration of axon (if PNS)

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19
Q

Astrocyte

A 
K metabolism
support and repair
removal of excess neurotransmitter
maintenance of blood-brain barrier
reactive gliosis in response to injury
astrocyte marker-GFAP
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20
Q

Microglia

A

CNS phagocytes, mesodernal origin
not readily discernible in Nissl stains
small irregular nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm
scavenger cell of CNS
respond to tissue damage by differentiating into large phagocytic cells
HIV-infection microglia fuse to form multinucleated gaint cell in CNS

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21
Q

myelin

A

increase conduction velocity of signals transmitted down axons.
results in saltatory conduction of action potential between nodes of Ranvier high concentration of Na channels
CNS-oligodendrocytes
PNS-schwann cells

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22
Q

ependymal cells

A

ciliated neuron that line ventricles&central canal of the spinal cord

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23
Q

antrograde

A

microtubules
mediated by kinesin
more vesicle & protein to terminal

24
Q

retrograde

A

microtubule
mediated by dyenin
lysosomes recycled membrane
virus effect via this pathway

25
Q

oligodendroglia

A

each oligodendrocyte myelinated multiple CNS axon
in nissl stains, they appear as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm
Predominant type of glial cell in white matter
destroyed in multiple sclerosis
fried eggs on H& E stain

26
Q

Schwann cells

A 
myelinates only PNS 1 axon
also promote axonal regeneration
from neural crest
increase conduction velocity via saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier, where there are high concentration of Na channels
Guillain-Barré syndrome
27
Q

Acousticneuroma

A

type of schwannoma

typically located in internal acoustic meatus (CNVIII)

28
Q

free nerve ending

A

C-slow, unmye
A delta-fast, mye
all skin, epi and viscera
Pain and temp

29
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Large mye adapt quickly
Glabrous(hair less) skin
Dynamic, fine/light touch;
position sense

30
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Large myelinated fibers
Deep skin layers ligaments and joints
vibration, pressure

31
Q

Merkel’s disc

A

Large, mye fibers, adapt slowly,
Hair follicles
Pressure, deep static touch
position sense

32
Q

covering of nerves

A

Endoneurium(Pia)-single nerve(Guillain Barre)
Perineurium(Arachnoid)-a fascicles of nerve fibers,must be rejoined in reattachment
Epineurium(Dura)-dense connective tissue, fascicles and blood

33
Q

NE

A

Locus ceroleus, pons,
next to the 4th ventricle
increase in anxiety and decrease in depression

34
Q

DA

A

Ventral tegmentum anf SNc (midbrain)
increase in schizo
decrease in Parkinson
decrease in depression

35
Q

5-HT

A

decrease in aniety
decrease in depression
Raphe nucleus, pons

36
Q

ACh

A

decrease in Alzheimer’s, huntington’s
increase in REM
Basal nucleus of Meynert

37
Q

GABA

A

decrease in anxiety and Huntington’s

nucleus accumbens

38
Q

BBB is composed of?

A

tight junction between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
basement membrane
astrocyte foot process

39
Q

brain region with fenestrated capillarie and no BBB

A
  1. allow molecules in blood to affect the brain function and
    area postrema-vomiting after chemo, CTZ
    OVLT-osmotic sensing
    2.neurosecretory products to enter circulation
    neurohypophysis-ADN release
40
Q

CTZ

A

located in the heavy vascularized postrema in the floor of 4th ventricle
mediated vomit accompany visceral pain
signals received by vomit center located in lateral reticular formation of medulla

41
Q

vasogenic edema

A

infarction and/or neoplasm destroys endothelial cell

42
Q

limibic system responsible for?

A 
emotion, memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, autonomic nerve
Feeding
Fleeing
Fighting
Feeling
Sex
43
Q

excitatory pathway

direct pathway

A

cortical+putamen+GABA-Gpi-thalamus

=>putamen+thalamus=>movement

44
Q

inhibitory pathway

indirect pathway

A

putamen-GPe
PGe-STN(putamen+STN)
STN+GPi(putamen+GPi)
GPi-thalamus(putamen-Thalamus)

45
Q

hemiballismus

A

uncontrolled violence
rapid flinging movement of 1arm and/or leg
lesion in contralateral subthalamic nucleus, lacunar stroke

46
Q

mesolimbic-mesocortical pathway

A

function: regulate behavior

=>schizo

47
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

coordination of voluntray movement

=>Parkinson’s disease

48
Q

tuberoinfundibular pathway

A

function as control prolactin secretion=>hyperprolactinemia

49
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Lewy body (alpha-synuclein-intracellular inclusion)
loss of DA neuron
depigmentation of substantia pars compacta
tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability (TRAP)

50
Q

pallisotomy

A

inhibition the out flow of Gp to thalamus
causing increase + activity from thalamus to motor ad premotor cortex
decrease hypokinesia

51
Q

huntington’s disease

A

AD, CAG
chorea, aggression, depression, dementia
neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity
degeneration of GABA via unstable repeats
atrophy of striatal nuclei>enlargement of ventricles
treat:antipsychotic, benzo, anticonculsants

52
Q

chorea

A

sudden jerky movment

basal gangia

53
Q

athetosis

A

slow writhing movement in fingers
basal ganglia
huntington

54
Q

myoclonus

A

sudden brief uncontrolled muscle contraction

jerks, hiccups, common in metabolic abnormalities such as renal and liver failure

55
Q

dystonia

A

sustained involuntary muscle contraction
ariter’s camo
blepharospasm(aya lid twitch)

56
Q

essential tremor

postural tremor

A

action tremor
exacerbated by holding posture/limb position
self medicate with Alcohol!!!
treat:beta-blocker, primidone

57
Q

resting tremor

A

uncontrolled movement of distal appendages: most noticeable in hands
tremor alleviated by intensional movement
pill rowing-parkinson

58
Q

intention tremor

A

slow zigzag motion when pointing/extending toward a target

cerebellar dysfunction

Neurology (7 decks)

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