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USMLE_STEP1 > EMBRYOLOGY/ANATOMY > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY/ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

1st branchial cleft develops into what?

A

external auditory meatus

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2
Q

2nd - 4th branchial clefts develop into what?

A

form temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme (persistent cervical sinus –> branchial cleft cyst w/i lateral neck)

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3
Q

name the embryological derivative for branchial clefts

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

branchial arches are derived from what?

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

branchial pouches are derived from what?

A

endoderm

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6
Q

what is treacher collins syndrome?

A

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate–> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

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7
Q

what is a congenital pharyngo-cutaneous fistula?

A

persistence of cleft and pouch–> fistula b/w the tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck

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8
Q

what is the mnemonic to remember for the branchial arch derivatives?

A

1st arch - Chew (CN V2 & V3); M’s & T’s
2nd arch - Smile (CN VII); S’s
3rd Arch - Swallow stylishly (CN IX)
4th Arch - Simply swallow (CN X Superior laryngeal branch)
6th Arch - Speak (CN X, recurrent laryngeal branch)

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9
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures associated with the 1st branchial arch?

A

Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament

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10
Q

what are the muscles associated with the 1st branchial arch?

A

Muscles of Mastication: Masseter, Medial & lateral pterygoids, Mylohyoid, temporalis, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini (CHEW)

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11
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures associated with the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

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12
Q

what are the muscles derived from the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric (SMILE)

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13
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures derived from the 3rd branchial arch?

A

greater horn of hyoid

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14
Q

what are the muscles derived from 3rd branchial arch?

A

stylopharyngeus (innervated by CN IX) ; “swallow stylishly”

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15
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures derived from the 4-6th branchial arches?

A

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

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16
Q

what are the muscles derived from the 6th branchial arch?

A

all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid (reccurent laryngeal branch of CN X)

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17
Q

name the syndrome: mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells)

  • pheochromocytoma
  • parathyroid (tumor)-3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch
  • Medullary thyroid cancer (parafollicular cells-derived from neural crest cells; assoc. w/ 4th/5th pharyngeal pouches)
A

MEN2A

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18
Q

name the embryological structure: develops into middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells; contributes to endoderm-lined structures of the ear

A

1st branchial pouch

mnemonic “Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)”

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19
Q

name the embryological structure: develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

A

2nd branchial pouch

mnemonic “Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)”

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20
Q

which structure connects the medial pole of the ovary to the lateral uterus?

A

ligament of the ovary

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21
Q

what type of epithelium does the vagina have?

A

stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized

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22
Q

name the syndrome: mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells)

  • pheochromocytoma
  • parathyroid (tumor)-3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch
  • Medullary thyroid cancer (parafollicular cells-derived from neural crest cells; assoc. w/ 4th/5th pharyngeal pouches)
A

MEN2A

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23
Q

name the pathology: failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)

A

cleft lip

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24
Q

name the pathology: failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of secondary palate)

A

cleft palate

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25
Q

what structures develop from the genital tubercle in males?

A

glans penis

corpus cavernosum & spongiosum

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26
Q

what structures develop from the genital tubercle in females?

A

glans clitoris

vestibular bulbs

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27
Q

what structure develops from the urogenital sinus in males?

A 
Bulbuourethral glands (cowper's glands)
Prostate gland
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28
Q

what structure develops from the urogenital sinus in females?

A

greater vestibular glands (of bartholin)

Urethral and paraurethral glands (of skene)

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29
Q

what structure develops from urogenital folds in males?

A

ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

30
Q

what structure develops from urogenital folds in females?

A

labia minora

31
Q

what structure develops from labioscrotal swelling in males?

A

scrotum

32
Q

what structure develops from labioscrotal swelling in females?

A

labia majora

33
Q

what structure contains the ovarian vessels?

A

suspensory ligament of the ovaries (connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall)

34
Q

what structure contains the uterine vessels?

A

cardinal ligament (connects cervix to the side wall of pelvis)

35
Q

what structure contains the artery of sampson and connects the uterine fundus to the labia majora?

A

Round ligament of the uterus

36
Q

which anatomical structure is a derivative of the gubernaculum and travels through the round inguinal canal?

A

round ligament of the uterus

37
Q

which structure connects the medial pole of the ovary to the lateral uterus?

A

ligament of the ovary

38
Q

what type of epithelium does the vagina have?

A

stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized

39
Q

name the type of epithelium: ectocervix

A

stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized

40
Q

name the type of epithelium: endocervix

A

simple columnar epithelium

41
Q

name the type of epithelium: uterus

A

simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified tubular glands

42
Q

name the type of epithelium: fallopian tube (uterine tube)

A

simple columnar ciliated epithelium

43
Q

name the type of epithelium: ovary

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

44
Q

what structures are derived from the 3rd branchial pouch?

A

dorsal wings-develop into inferior parathyroids
ventral wings- develop into thymus

mnemonic “Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)”

45
Q

what structures are derived from the 4th branchial pouch?

A

dorsal wings - develops into superior parathyroids

mnemonic “Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)”

46
Q

what muscles are derived from the 4th branchial arch?

A

most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini

47
Q

Truncus arteriosus gives rise to what ?

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

48
Q

the bulbus cordis gives rise to what?

A

smooth parts (outflow tract) of Left & right ventricles

49
Q

the primitive ventricle gives rise to what?

A

the trabeculated left and right ventricles

50
Q

the primitive atria gives rise to what?

A

trabeculated left and right atria

51
Q

the left horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

coronary sinus

52
Q

the right horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

smooth part of the right atrium

53
Q

the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what?

A

SVC

54
Q

the ligamentum teres hepatis is derived from what?

A

umbilical vein

55
Q

the medial umbilical ligaments are derived from what?

A

umbilical arteries

56
Q

the ligamentum arteriosum is derived from what?

A

the ductus arteriosus

57
Q

the ligamentum venosum is derived from what?

A

the ductus venosus

58
Q

the fossa ovalis is derived from what?

A

foramen ovale

59
Q

the urachus-median umbilical ligament is derived from what?

A

the allantois

60
Q

the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc is derived from what?

A

notochord

61
Q

the first aortic arch develops into what?

A

part of the MAXillary artery (branch of the external carotid)

mnemonic = 1st arch is MAXimal

62
Q

the second aortic arch develops into what?

A

Stapedial artery & hyoid artery

mnemonic = Second = Stapedial

63
Q

the 3rd aortic arch develops into what?

A

Common Carotid artery & proximal part of internal Carotid artery

mnemonic = C is 3rd letter of alphabet

64
Q

the 4th aortic arch develops into what?

A

on the left: aortic arch
on the right: proximal part of the right subclavian artery

mnemonic = 4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic

65
Q

the 6th aortic arch develops into what?

A

proximal part of pulmonary arteries & on the left only the ductus arteriosus

66
Q

name the GI ligament: connects liver to anterior abdominal wall, contains the ligamentum teres hepatis (derivative of fetal umbilical vein), is a derivative of ventral mesentery

A

Falciform

67
Q

name the GI ligament: contains the portal triad of proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct

A

hepatoduodenal (liver to duodenum)

68
Q

name the GI ligament: contains the gastric arteries, may be cut during surgery to access lesser sac, separates the greater and lesser sacs on the right

A

gastrohepatic (liver to lesser curvature of stomach)

69
Q

name the GI ligament: contains the gastroepiploic arteries, part of the greater omentum

A

gastrocolic (connects the greater curvature and transverse colon)

70
Q

name the GI ligament: contains the splenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas

A

Splenorenal ( connects spleen to posterior abdominal wall)

USMLE_STEP1 (5 decks)

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