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Reproductive ERIN > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

zone of polarizing activity is important for what?

A

anterior posterior development

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2
Q

What gene is important for anterior posterior development?

A

sonic hedgehog gene

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3
Q

mutations in sonic hedgehog gene result in what?

A

holoprosencephaly

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4
Q

Functon of FGF?

A

stimulates mitosis of mesoderm -> lengthening of limbs

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5
Q

Homeobox genes function

A

segmental organization of embryo

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6
Q

Mutations in the homeobox genes result in what?

A

appendages in the wrong locations

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7
Q

When does hCG secretion begin?

A

Week 1 - when the blastocyst implants

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8
Q

When does the bilaminar disc form?

A

week 2

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9
Q

When does the trilaminar disc form?

A

week 3 ->endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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10
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

week 4

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11
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

week 4

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12
Q

When do the limb buds begin to form?

A

week 4

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13
Q

when do fetal movements begin?

A

week 8

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14
Q

When do the genatlia have male/female characterisitcs?

A

week 10

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15
Q

fetal effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

renal failure, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria

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16
Q

fetal effects of alkylating agents

A

absence of digits / multiple anomolies

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17
Q

fetal effects of aminoglycosides

A

ototoxicity

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18
Q

fetal effects of antiepileptic drugs?

A

neural tube defects, cardiodefects, cleft palate, skeletal abnoralities, etc.

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19
Q

If someone stays on antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy what do you need to do?

A

give them high dose folate supplementation

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20
Q

fetal effects of diethylstilbestrol

A

vaginal clear cell adenocarcioma, congenital Mullerian anomalies

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21
Q

fetal effects of folate antagonists

A

neural tube defects

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22
Q

fetal effects of isotretinoin

A

multiple severe defects - contraception mandatory while taking isotretinoin

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23
Q

fetal effects of lithium

A

ebstein anomoly (apical displacement of tricuspid valve)

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24
Q

fetal effects of methimazole

A

aplasia cutis congenita (absense of skin)

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25
Q

fetal effects of tetracyclines

A

discolored teeth, inhibited bone growth

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26
Q

fetal effects of thalidomide

A

limb defects

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27
Q

fetal effects of warfarin

A

bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic abnormalities

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28
Q

fetal effects of alcohol abuse

A

birth defects, intellectual disability, fetal alcohol syndrome

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29
Q

fetal effects of cocaine use

A

vasoconstriction-> low birth weight, preterm birth, IUGR, placental abruption

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30
Q

fetal effects of smoking

A

low birth weight, preterm labour, placental problems, IUGR, SIDS, ADHD

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31
Q

fetal effects of iodide

A

congenital goiter (excess), hypothyroidism (cretinism)

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32
Q

fetal effects of maternal diabetes

A

caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia), congenital heart defects (VSD, transposition, etc), neural tube defects, macrosomnia, neonatal hypoglycemia, polycythemia

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33
Q

fetal effects of methylmercury

A

neurotoxicity - (delayed milestones, deaf, cerebral palsy, etc)

34
Q

fetal effects of vitamin A excess

A

spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate)

35
Q

fetal effects of XRAYS

A

microcephaly, intellectual disability

36
Q

how may fetal alcohol syndrome present?

A

intellectual disability, microcephaly, facial abnormalities, heart defects, limb dislocation, heart-lung fistulas, holoprosencephaly

37
Q

What is neonatal abstinence syndrome?

A

caused by maternal opioid abuse and presents in infant with uncoordinated suckling, irritability, high-pitched crying, tremors, tachypnea, sneezing, diarrhea, possibly seizures

38
Q

What causes fetal hydrantoin syndorme?

A

materal phenytoin use

39
Q

If the zygotes of twins divide from 0-4 days what will they share?

A

Nothing -they each have their own amnion and chorion

40
Q

If the zygotes of twins divide from 4-8 days what will they share

A

The chorion, but they will have their own amnions

41
Q

If the zygotes of twins divide from 8-12 days what will they share?

A

both the chorion and amnion

42
Q

If the zygotes of twins divide from 13 days onwards what will they share?

A

a body

43
Q

How do trophoblasts avoid immune destruction?

A

They do not express MHC I and also the placenta secretions block immune response

44
Q

Which antibody crosses the placenta?

A

igG

45
Q

What does the umbilicus contain?

A

two umbilical arteries, one vein, allanois and whartons jelly

46
Q

Where does the decidua basalis derive from?

A

endometrium from mom

47
Q

Which later of the placenta secretes hCG?

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

48
Q

Where does the meckels diverticulum come from?

A

a diverticulum of the vitelline duct

49
Q

What tissue may be found in a meckels diverticulum?

A

pancreatic or gastric tissue

50
Q

derivative(s) of the aortic arch 1?

A

part of maxillary artery

51
Q

derivative(s) of the aortic arch 2?

A

stapedial artery and hyoid artery

52
Q

derivative(s) of the aortic arch 3?

A

common carotid and promixal internat carotid

53
Q

derivative(s) of the aortic arch 4?

A

aortic arch and proximal right subclavian

54
Q

derivative(s) of the aortic arch 6?

A

proximal pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosis

55
Q

what are the pharyngeal clefts derived from?

A

ectoderm

56
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches derived from?

A

mesoderm

57
Q

What are the pharyngeal pouches derived from?

A

endoderm

58
Q

derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal clefts?

A

external auditory meatus

59
Q

derivatives of the 2nd to 4th pharyngeal clefts?

A

cervical sinus’s

60
Q

derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Maxillary process, mandibular process, malleus and incus

Muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric, medial pterygoids, etc.

CN V3

61
Q

What is pierre robin sequence?

A

failure of 1st/2nd arches - micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, airway obstruction

62
Q

what is treacher collins?

A

failure of 1st and 2nd arches -> autosomal dominant neural crest dysfunction - >craniofacial abnormalities (zygomatic and mandibular hypoplasia), hearing loss, airway compromise

63
Q

derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Reichert cartilage - stapes, styloid, less horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

Muslces of facial expression, stapedius, platysma, posterior diagastric

CN VII

64
Q

derivatives of the 3rd pharnygeal arch?

A

greater horn of hyoid

stylopharyngeous

CN IX

65
Q

derivatives of the 4-6th pharyngeal arches?

A

arytenoids, cricoid, corniculate, cuneiform, thyroid

4th: pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid
6th: all muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid

CNX

66
Q

derivativs of the 1st pharyngeal pouch?

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

67
Q

derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

68
Q

derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch

A

Dorsal wings - > inferior parathyroid glands

Ventral wing -> thymus

69
Q

derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal pouch

A

superior parathyroid

parafollicular c cells of thyroid

70
Q

DiGeorge syndrome is what?

A

Failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches

71
Q

What does the SRY gene produced?

A

testis-determining factor ->testes development

72
Q

What do sertoli cells secrete?

A

Mullerian inhibitory factor ->suppresses development of paramesonephric duct

73
Q

What do the leydig cells secrete?

A

Androgens -> development of mesonephric ducts

74
Q

What does the paramesonephric (mullerian duct) develop into?

A

female internal structures - fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina

75
Q

What is the remnant of the mullerian duct seen in males?

A

appendix testis

76
Q

What is is the remnant of the mesonephric duct, found in females?

A

Gartners duct

77
Q

What does the genital tubercle become?

A

Glans penis and corpus cavernosum/spongiosum

Glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs

78
Q

What does the urogenital sinus become?

A

bulbourethral and prostate glands

greater vestibular glands and urethral and paraurethral glands

79
Q

what does the urogenital folds become?

A

ventral shaft of penis

labia minora

80
Q

what does the labioscrotal welling become?

A

scrotum

Labia majoria

Reproductive ERIN (3 decks)

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