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My ENT > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the direction of development?

A

cranial to caudal

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the arches?

A
  • External pharyngeal cleft is from ectoderm: nervous system, skin
  • Internal pharyngeal pouch is from the endoderm: lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
  • Core pharyngeal arch is from the mesenchymal tissue
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3
Q

What does each arch have?

A
  • mesenchyme core: from paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
  • neural crest cells: migrate into the pharyngeal arches and form the cartilaginous and skeletal portions of the arches
  • cranial nerve
  • artery: aortic arch arteries
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4
Q

What is the nerve supply to each of the arches?

A

1st arch- CNV (maxillary and mandibular divisions of trigeminal)
2nd arch- CNVII (facial)
3rd arch- CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
4th and 6th arch- CNX (vagus and branches)

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5
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 1st arch?

A
  • This will split into a mandibular and maxillary process
  • Maxillary process: will become the maxilla, zygomatic bone and squamous portion of temporal bone
  • Mandibular process: Meckel’s cartilage, this will become the incus and the malleus and the mandible
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6
Q

What are the muscle derivatives of the 1st arch?

A

The maxillary portion of the trigeminal is not motor but mandibular is motor so become the
- Muscles of mastication
- Anterior belly of the digastric
- Mylohyoid
- Tensor tympani
- Tensor veli palatini
Sensory is the maxillary and mandibular divisions of CNV

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7
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 2nd arch?

A
  • Stapes
  • Styloid process of temporal bone
  • Stylohoid ligament
  • Lesser horn of hyoid
  • Upper part of hyoid
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8
Q

What are the muscle derivatives of the 2nd arch?

A
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Posterior belly of digastric
  • Stylohyoid
  • Stapedius
  • Auricular muscles
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9
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 3rd arch?

A
  • Greater horn of the hyoid bone

- Lower part of the body of the hyoid bone

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10
Q

What are the muscle derivatives of the 3rd arch?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus

- Longitudinal pharyngeal muscle

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11
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 4th and 6th arches?

A

Laryngeal cartilages so thyroid and cricoid

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12
Q

What are the muscle derivatives of the 4th and 6th arches?

A
  • 4Levator veli palatini
  • 4Cricothyroid
  • 4Pharyngeal constrictors
  • 6Intrinsic laryngeal
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13
Q

What is the nerve supply to the 4th and 6th arches?

A

Vagus= arch 4 is superior laryngeal and pharyngeal plexus and 6 is recurrent laryngeal

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14
Q

What does the 1st cleft become?

A
  • External acoustic meatus

Dual innervation by the two supplies of the tympanic membrane

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15
Q

What does the 2nd-4th clefts become?

A
  • Lose contact with outside and form the cervical sinus
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16
Q

What does the 1st pouch become?

A
  • Middle ear
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Eustachian tube
    A point is created and there is mesenchymal condensation which leads to the ossicles being formed
17
Q

What does the 2nd pouch become?

A
  • Palatine tonsils
18
Q

What does the 3rd pouch become?

A
  • Inferior parathyroid gland (then descends below after)

- Thymus

19
Q

What does the 4th pouch become?

A
  • Superior parathyroid gland

- Ultimobranchial body

20
Q

What are cervical/branchial cysts/fistulas?

A
  • along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
  • not seen in birth and enlarges in childhood
  • swelling in the neck
  • external branchial fistula is attachment to outside
  • internal branchial fistula are less common which connect to the palatine tonsils
21
Q

What is the process of tongue development?

A
  • 4th week by two lateral swellings and one midline swelling
  • 4 CN supply the tongue
  • anterior mucosa is CNV3 and posterior is CNIX
  • base of the tongue can get taste from the vagus nerve
  • V of the tongue by the vallate papillae marks the boundary between anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
  • When the thyroid tissue migrates down, it can lead to accessory glands or remnants where it moved
22
Q

What are the five facial swellings?

A

present from week 4
- Frontonasal prominence: ectodermal thickenings here for the nasal placodes
- Maxillary prominence x2
- Mandibular prominence x2
Stomodeum forms the primitive oral cavity

23
Q

What do nasal placodes deepen to cause?

A

forms two areas within each placode medial and lateral nasal swellings

24
Q

When does the eye begin to develop?

A

week 6

25
Q

What is the development of the nasolacrimal groove?

A
  • becomes more prominent at 7 weeks
  • lies between the maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal prominence
  • cord in the groove which detaches to become the nasolacrimal duct
26
Q

How does the palate develop?

A
  • medial nasal prominences fuse to become the intermaxillary segment which becomes the philtrum of the lip and the primary palate
  • first four incisors are joined by the primary palate onto the palate
  • incisive foramen is at the apex of this join
27
Q

How does the nasal cavity develop?

A
  • nasal pits deepen

- create a nasal fin left behind and the bit joining this breaks off which will eventually form the choana

28
Q

How can babies drink and breathe?

A

the epiglottis is so near the palate in babies, they can breathe and drink but if the definitive choana doesn’t form then babies won’t be able to breathe

29
Q

What allows for the palate to close over?

A

Mandibular development moves the tongue down

30
Q

What happens if palate closure goes wrong?

A
  • Cleft lip
  • Cleft palate
  • Floating philtrum and primary palate
  • Palate sides not meeting
  • Nasolacrimal duct not forming
  • Cleft lip
  • Cleft palate
  • Floating philtrum and primary palate
  • Palate sides not meeting
  • Nasolacrimal duct not forming

My ENT (5 decks)

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