Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What do the different parts of the ear do?

A
  • External: collects soundwaves and directs them to middle ear
  • Middle: conducts and amplifies vibration towards internal ear
  • Internal: vibration/movement of fluid into action potentials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the basic anatomy of the nose?

A
  • at the bottom is the hard then soft palate

- the nasopharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the most important connections in the throat?

A
  • Pharynx and oesophagus
  • Larynx and trachea
    !!tubular arrangement allows for movement of pathologies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the arterial supply to the head and neck?

A

common carotids

subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What arteries supply the cranial cavity?

A 
ICA
vertebral artery (from SCA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What arteries supply the face?

A

ICA and ECA branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What arteries supply the neck?

A

ECA and SCA branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the branches off the external carotid artery?

A 
from proximal to distal 
- superior thyroid artery
 - ascending pharyngeal artery
 - lingual artery
 - facial artery
 - occipital artery 
 - posterior auricular artery 
 - maxillary artery
 - superficial temporal artery 
(some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the venous drainage of the head and neck?

A
  • follows arteries
  • all drains to the internal jugular vein
    !!danger triangle where veins can carry superficial infections to deeper head and neck areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the relevant cranial nerves for ENT?

A

1,5,7,8,9,10+12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the features of the parasympathetic innervation to the head and neck?

A
  • autonomic motor
  • arise from CN7 and 9
  • long then short neurones
  • craniosacral outflow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the most important parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck?

A

CN7: submandibular and pterygopalatine
CN9: otic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the features of the sympathetic innervation of the head and neck?

A
  • autonomic motor
  • short then long neurones
  • cervical sympathetic chain to peri-arterial plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the features of the sensory innervation of the head and neck?

A
  • three neurone chain
  • synapses in the spinal cord and thalamus
  • ganglion off the first neurone but no synapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most important sensory ganglia of the head and neck?

A

trigeminal
geniculate
spiral and vestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the features of the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck?

A
  • follows veins

- most important groups of nodes are parotid, mastoid, deep cervical and superficial cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the structures for turbulence in the nasal cavity?

A

superior, middle and inferior conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the foramina in the nasal cavity?

A
  • anterior ethmoidal (superior)
  • posterior ethmoidal (superior)
  • incisive (in midline)
  • sphenopalatine (posterior-ish)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the parts of the nasal septum?

A
  • septal cartilage
  • vomer
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the five contributors to Kiesellbach’s plexus (Little’s area)?

A

Ophthalmic artery= (from ICA)

  • posterior ethmoidal
  • anterior ethmoidal

Maxillary artery= (from ECA)

  • sphenopalatine
  • greater palatine (branch of above)

Facial artery= (from ECA)
- septal branch of superior labial artery (branch of lateral nasal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the internal parts of the nose and their epithelium type?

A
  • nasal septum (around superior concha): olfactory epithelium, create turbulence, air reaches receptors
  • nasal septum (around middle and inferior conchae): respiratory epithelium
  • nasal vestibule: stratifies squamous epithelium with keratinised on outside skin and non-keratinised on inside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the setup in the superior nasal cavity?

A

there are bipolar nerves going through from olfactory bulb (like a toothbrush) and the olfactory tract (toothbrush handle) takes the signals back to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the somatic sensation to the nasal cavity?

A
  • anterior and superior is V1= anterior ethmoidal nerve

- posterior and inferior is V2= nasopalatine nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the trigeminal ganglion?

A

a mixture of all of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular division of this nerve converging in one place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A
  • tragus
  • anti-tragus
  • helix
  • anti-helix
  • lobe
  • concha
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the innervation to the tympanic membrane?

A

vagus and CNV3 nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the names for the outer ear?

A

pinna

auricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three ossicles called?

A

(from lateral to medial) the malleus, incus and stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What joins the ossicles?

A

synovial joints join these bones to reduce the chance of breaking and to reduce friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does the stapes sit?

A

in the oval window (the round window is below)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the skeletal muscles of the ear and their functions?

A
  • stapedius: attaches to the stapes, it dampens sound by reducing vibrations (eg shouting and this works with muscles of opening the mouth and mastication)
  • tensor tympani: also dampens sound by reducing vibrations of the tympanic membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is air pressure in the ear changed?

A

by the Eustachian tube which is operated by the palate muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens when the outside pressure is greater than inside the tympanic cavity?

A

tympanic membrane pushes in which can be corrected by doing the valsalva maneuver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens when the outside pressure is lesser than inside the tympanic cavity?

A

tympanic membrane pushes out which can be corrected by yawning or opening mouth wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can happen when the tympanic membrane is pushed in or out?

A

reduced vibration of ossicles when the membrane is either in or out and this increases potential for barotrauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do infections spread to ear and nose?

A

Eustachian tube connects the anterior wall of the middle ear to the nasopharynx so can be the cause of infections spreading around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why do children get more spread of infections in the ear?

A
  • distance to ear is shorter in children from nasopharynx to middle ear so more likely to have infections spread
  • tonsils/immune system are not fully developed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why can ear pain be from facial pain and vice versa?

A

a common sensory nerve supply here so tonsillitis or pharyngitis can mimic earache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What supplies the general sensation of the tympanic cavity mucosa?

A

Tympanic plexus is on the promontory which is CNIX (through jugular foramen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does mastoiditis occur?

A
  • epitympanic cavity is the superior part of the tympanic cavity (this is where the mastoid aditus lies)
  • an infection can enter the mastoid process and the mastoid air cells which can cause osteomyelitis
  • (can also be used as surgical access to the tympanic cavity )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is in the Otic capsule?

A

(fully formed at birth)

  • bony labyrinth (filled with perilymph)
  • membranous labyrinth which is suspended in the bony labyrinth (filled with endolymph)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How does hearing occur from the bony labyrinth?

A
  • vibrations make the tympanic membrane vibrate which passes through the ossicles, this then rocks the stapes into the oval window
    • waves of fluid in the perilymph which goes all the way through the cochlea moving hair cells and creating APs
  • goes around and hits the round window which absorbs the vibration and dissipates the forces in the air filled cavity
  • APs made are conveyed to the brain by the cochlear nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does hearing occur in the membranous labyrinth?

A
  • membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph is stimulated by the vibrations outside and then
  • the hair cells move around the organ of Corti and APs are made
  • cochlear duct divides the cochlear canal into the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where is the issue in a conduction or sensorineural hearing problem?

A
  • conductive (external or middle ear)
  • sensorineural (inner ear) hearing loss
    Weber test and Rhine test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where are the different frequencies of waves picked up?

A

high frequency close to the oval window

low frequency far away from oval window

48
Q

What is responsible for balance and head movement?

A
  • vestibular apparatus
  • saccule and utricle
  • semicircular ducts
49
Q

What detects linear horizontal and vertical movement?

A
  • horizontal: utricle

- vertical: saccule

50
Q

What detects angular sagittal, coronal and axial movement?

A
  • sagittal: anterior semicircular canal
  • coronal: lateral semicircular canal
  • axial: posterior semicircular canal
51
Q

How is balance detected?

A
  • head moves so cupula with hair cells moves
  • endolymph fluid stays still until it builds momentum
  • fluid opens ion channels causing depolarisation
52
Q

What is the nerve supply to the inner ear?

A
  • vestibular nerve from the vestibular apparatus
  • cochlear nerve from the cochlea
  • join together to form CNVIII which is the vestibulocochlear nerve which goes to the pontomedullary junction
53
Q

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  • CN7 facial nerve
  • CN8 vestibulocochlear nerve
  • labyrinthine artery
54
Q

What are the facial nerves functions and what goes wrong if these aren’t working?

A
  • Parasympathetic: dry eye, dry mouth and dry mucosa
  • Special sensation: lack of taste anterior 2/3rd of tongue
  • Somatic motor: facial paralysis
  • General sensory
55
Q

What are the portions of the facial nerve?

A
  • Cranial: cerebellopontine angle and enters internal acoustic meatus
  • Temporal: nerve to stapedius, greater petrosal nerve (eye, nasopharynx and palate)
  • Extratemporal: chorda tympani runs in between the malleus and the incus and joins the lingual nerve and there is a submandibular ganglion
56
Q

What are the names of the papillae?

A

Foliate papillae
Vallate papillae
Fungiform papillae
Filiform papillae (no tastebuds)

57
Q

What is the pterygopalatine ganglion associated with?

A

the parasympathetic secretomotor supply of the facial nerve

58
Q

What joins together to make to vidian nerve?

A
  • greater petrosal nerve: from geniculate ganglion to pterygopalatine ganglion
  • deep petrosal nerve
59
Q

What does each nerve bring to the vidian nerve?

A
  • greater petrosal brings preganglionic parasympathetic axons and it then synapses in the pterygopalatine ganglion
  • deep petrosal nerve brings postsynaptic sympathetics which don’t synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion
60
Q

What suspends the vidian nerve?

A

inputs from the maxillary nerve

61
Q

What other branches join the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

branches from CNV1 from lacrimal gland which join to CNV2 by zygomatic nerve

62
Q

What does disruption at the vidian nerve cause?

A
  • dry nasal cavity
  • dry nasopharynx
  • ipsilateral dry eye
63
Q

What does disruption at the internal acoustic meatus cause?

A
  • dry nasal cavity
  • dry nasopharynx
  • ipsilateral dry eye
  • no taste in anterior 2/3rds of tongue
  • facial paralysis
64
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A

oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal phases

65
Q

What is involved in the oral phase of swallowing?

A

voluntary, mastication and bolus manipulation

66
Q

What do the muscles of mastication do in swallowing?

A

Muscles of mastication (CNV3) break down the food and allow it to mix with saliva

67
Q

What do the facial muscles do in swallowing?

A

labial seal (orbicularis oris) and cheek tightening/pushing the food back to the back teeth (buccinator)

68
Q

What do the tongue muscles do in swallowing?

A

(CNXII) manipulate the bolus and align it between the teeth

69
Q

What does the soft palate do in swallowing?

A

Soft palate (CNX) depresses to create an oropharyngeal seal and the tongue ripples the bolus backwards

70
Q

What is the hard palate made of and supplied by?

A
  • keratinised stratified squamous epithelium to protect against abrasions
  • palatal rugae
  • supplied by branches of pterygopalatine ganglion so secretomotor is CNVII and general sensation is CNV2
71
Q

What are the features of CNXII?

A
  • hypoglossal nerve which runs in the hypoglossal canal which is at 10 and 2 from foramen magnum
  • supplies all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus
72
Q

What is the course of CNXII?

A

its course is from medulla, through hypoglossal canal, descends close to carotid sheath, lateral to hyoglossus into floor of mouth

73
Q

What is involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A
  • hyolaryngeal elevation, sequential constrictor contraction
  • very short phase- less than a second unless there is pathology
74
Q

What are the stages of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Elevation of the soft palate and seals nasopharynx
  • The hyoid bone is dragged superiorly and anteriorly by the suprahyoid and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
  • epiglottis inferior to the tongue to the tongue and covers the laryngeal aditus to protect the airway
  • Bolus into oesophagus by tongue pressure, contraction of constrictors and relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus)
75
Q

What is involved in the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

peristalsis, relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter, involuntary phase

76
Q

What is the cricopharyngeus?

A
  • complete circular ring around the cricoid cartilage

- quite thick and is innervated by external laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the CNX

77
Q

Where is the parapharyngeal space?

A

runs parallel to the outside of the pharynx

78
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • behind the pharynx and can spread infection to the mediastinum
  • danger space is next to the alar fascia which has potential to travel from head down to mediastinum
79
Q

What does the pharyngeal plexus do?

A
  • innervates the soft palate and the pharynx muscles except the tensor veli palatini
  • formed by CNIX and CNX
80
Q

What is the sensory part of the gag reflex?

A

stimuli to posterior ⅓ of tongue, palatine tonsils and wall of oropharynx which are all innervated by CNIX (afferent = CNIX)

81
Q

What is the motor component of the gag reflex?

A

tries to close off the oropharynx involving constrictors of the pharynx (CNX), longitudinal muscles of pharynx (CNIX and CNX) and tongue (CNXII) and soft palate (CNX) (efferent = CNIX, CNX, CNXII)

82
Q

Where is the gateway to the mouth?

A
  • gap between the superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
  • here is the Glossopharyngeal nerve, the lingual artery and the stylopharyngeus muscle
83
Q

What are the tonsils that are removed and what can be a complication?

A
  • Palatine tonsils

- glossopharyngeal nerve can be hurt and this will lose some gag and posterior 1/3rd taste

84
Q

What does the posterior cricoarytenoid do?

A

lateral rotation at cricoarytenoid joint which widens the rima glottidis (forced respiration)

85
Q

What does the lateral cricoarytenoid do?

A

closes the rima glottidis with the arytenoid muscle doing the final close

86
Q

What are the components of phonation?

A

inspiration, controlled expiration and then phonation itself

87
Q

What is involved in the controlled expiration phase of phonation?

A
  • contraction inspiratory muscles
  • builds pressure in respiratory tree below the larynx
  • pressure depends on task
88
Q

What is involved in the phonation phase of phonation?

A
  • adduction of vocal cords and the expiratory muscles increase subglottic pressure
  • this pushes through and vocal folds ripple which creates air vibration
89
Q

What are the movements of the vocal cords and their result?

A
  • Tension increases pitch
  • Relaxation decreases pitch
  • Adduction quietens
  • Abduction loudens
90
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by?

A

skeletal and innervated by inferior laryngeal branch of CNX (except the cricothyroid which is external laryngeal nerve)

91
Q

What do the arytenoids and the lateral cricoarytenoids do?

A
  • arytenoids- phonation

- lateral cricoarytenoids- whispering

92
Q

What does the thyroarytenoid do?

A

relaxes the vocal ligament and decreases pitch

93
Q

What does the cricothyroid muscle do?

A

muscle tenses the vocal ligament

this increases pitch

94
Q

What is the mucosal innervation to above and below the vocal folds?

A

Mucosa above the vocal folds is the internal laryngeal nerve

Mucosa below the vocal folds is inferior laryngeal nerve

95
Q

What is the path of the vagus nerve in this area?

A
  • through jugular foramen
  • gives off superior laryngeal nerve
  • runs down in carotid sheath
  • gives off recurrent laryngeal nerve which hooks under the aorta and then becomes the inferior laryngeal nerve
96
Q

What are the parts of cough?

A
  • Glottic closure by lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid
  • Muscles contract to increase body cavity pressure
  • Glottic release of high pressure air jet
97
Q

What does the vagus supply in ENT?

A

sensory and motor supply to palate, pharynx and larynx

98
Q

How can the action of the vagus nerve be tested I the larynx and pharynx?

A
  • Pharynx: ask patient to swallow sip of water and larynx will move up and down
  • Larynx: ask patient to speak and the intrinsic laryngeal muscles are functioning normally to move vocal cords
99
Q

What is dysphonia?

A

inability to produce an appropriate level of phonation

100
Q

Where does a supraglottic tumour spread to?

A

drain to superior deep cervical nodes

101
Q

Where does a subglottic tumour spread to?

A

to paratracheal nodes and present with voice/airway obstruction

102
Q

What happens to glottic tumours?

A

usually stay in the nodes and present with voice changes/airway obstruction

103
Q

What are the features of vocal nodules?

A

lumps on rima glottidis and cause pain when speaking

104
Q

What is the cause of unilateral vocal cord palsy?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve is cut

105
Q

What happens in the resonance of speech?

A

larynx makes sound and the buzz is amplified by the pharynx, oral and nasal cavities

106
Q

What happens in the articulation of speech?

A

oral sounds come from soft palate tensing (CNV3) and elevating (CNX)to close off nasopharynx

nasal sounds come from soft palate tensing and descending to close off oropharynx

107
Q

What are the main cranial nerves for referred pain to the ear?

A
  • CNV2+3- trigeminal (facial sensation and mastication)
  • CNVII- facial (facial expression, taste ant. 2/3rd, salivary and lacrimal glands)
  • CNIX- glossopharyngeal (parotids, taste post. 2/3rd, palatine tonsils and gag)
  • CNX- vagus (sensory and motor)
108
Q

What supplies the tympanic membrane?

A 
internal = glossopharyngeal nerve
external = split with a bit of vagus at the inferior side, the rest is CNV3
109
Q

What are the main causes of ear pain if the ear is normal?

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • TMJ
  • Throat
  • Trigeminal neuralgia
110
Q

What are the sinuses of the face?

A

frontal
ethmoid air cells
sphenoidal
maxillary

111
Q

What are the exit places of the CNs from the brain?

A
  • Cribriform plate = CNI
  • Optic canal = CNII
  • Superior orbital fissure CNIII, CNIV, CNV1, CNV
  • Foramen rotundum = CNV2
  • Foramen ovale = CNV3
  • Internal acoustic meatus = CNVII, CNVIII
  • Jugular foramen = CNIX, CNX
  • Hypoglossal canal = CNXII
112
Q

What node drains the palatine tonsils?

A

Jugulo-digastric node

113
Q

What is the best scan for the sinuses?

A

CT scan

114
Q

What nerve runs through the posterior triangle?

A

the accessory nerve

115
Q

What does the 6th cranial nerve run through?

A

the cavernous sinus

116
Q

What nerve runs superficial to the submandibular gland?

A

the marginal mandibular nerve

117
Q

Which nerve runs near the lower wisdom teeth?

A

inferior alveolar nerve

My ENT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions