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Cardiology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the heart arise from (2)

A

From visceral mesoderm

Cranial to the developing neural tube

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2
Q

How does the heart reach its final position

A

By lateral and cranio-caudal folding inferiorly towards thoracic cavity

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3
Q

Heart tube regions and adult derivatives (5)

A

Truncus arteriosus - Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk
Bulbus cordis - Right ventricle and outflow part of both ventricles
Ventricle - Left ventricle
Atrium - Both atria
Sinus venosus (Right and left horns) - Smooth part of right atrium and coronary sinus

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4
Q

Looping and folding (4)

A

Occurs on day 23
Atrium moves dorsal and cranial
Ventricle is displaced left
Bulbus cordis moves inferiorly then ventrally to the right

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5
Q

Aortic Arches development (5)

A

6 pairs associated with pharyngeal arches
Pair 3: Common carotid aortic arches and first part of inferior cerebral artery
Pair 4: Right subclavian artery - Part of aortic arch
Pair 6: Sprout branches forming pulmonary aortic arches with ducuts arteriosus on left
Other pairs are absent or obliterated

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6
Q

Viteline veins function and parts (4)

A

Drains yolk sac
Portal venous system draining gut
Hepatic sinusoids and veins
Hepatic portion of IVC

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7
Q

Umbilical veins function and parts (3)

A

Carries oxygenated blood from Placenta
Right degenerates
Left remains as Definitive Umbilical vein

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8
Q

Cardinal veins function

A

Give systemic venous system

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9
Q

Systemic veins types (2)

A

Anterior Cardinal Veins

Posterior Cardinal Veins

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10
Q

Anterior Cardinal Veins (3)

A

Drains head and neck
Jugular system and left branchiocephalic vein
SVC

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11
Q

Posterior Cardinal Veins (5)

A 
Drain trunk
Azygous and Hemiazygous systems
Gonadal and Renal veins
Iliac veins
IVC
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12
Q

Placenta function (8)

A 
Fetal homeostasis
Gas exchange
Acid base balance
Nutrient transport to fetus
Waste product transport from fetus
Hormone production
Transport of IgG
Prostaglandin E2
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13
Q

Placenta in circulation (2)

A

Foetal heart pumps blood to placenta via umbilical arteries

Blood from the placenta returns to foetus via umbilical vein

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14
Q

Ductus Venosus (2)

A

Connects umbilical vein to IVC bypassing portal circulation

nutrients come form placenta that doesn’t need further processing in liver

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15
Q

Foramen Ovale (3)

A

Opening in atrial septum connecting RA to LA
allows best oxygenated blood to enter LA then on to LV, ascending aorta and carotids
Membrane flap on LA side

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16
Q

Ductus Arteriosus (3)

A

Connects pulmonary bifurcation to descending aorta
Only 7% of RV output goes to lungs
Patency maintained by circulating prostaglandin E2 produced by placenta

17
Q

Circulatory changes upon birth (3)

A

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance decreases and reaches adult levels by 2-3 months
Systemic Vascular Resistance increases
More cardiac output to lungs

18
Q

Physical changes upon birth (2)

A

Foramen Ovale closes - Remains open in 25% with implicated stroke or migraine
Ductus Arteriosus constriction - Increases pO2, decreases flow and prostaglandins and closes within 7-10 days

19
Q

Failure of duct closure (3)

A

High incidence in preterm infants
Contributes to complications
Treatments are NSAIDs or surgery

20
Q

Maintaining duct patency

A

IV prostaglandin E2 is used to keep open duct until an alternative shunt established or surgery carried out

21
Q

Effects of failed adaptation (2)

A

Persistent pulmonary hypertension

Sick babies - Sepsis, Hypoxic ischaemic insult, Meconium aspiration syndrome, cold stress

22
Q

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension (PPHN) (4)

A

Lung vascular resistance fails to fall
Shunts remain
Right to left flow at Patent Foramen Ovale and Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Large difference between pre and post ductal oxygen saturation

23
Q

PPHN treatments (9)

A

Reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and increase systemic vascular
Ventilation, oxygenation, high systemic blood pressure via inotropes, inhaled nitric oxide, Extracorporeal life support resistance, acidosis correction, thermoregulation, sepsis treatment

Cardiology (11 decks)

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