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Cardiovascular > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart?

A

Cardiogenic tubes

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2
Q

What is it called when these two tubes fuse together?

A

Primitive heart tube - this is stage 1

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3
Q

What is stage 2 in heart development?

A

Heart looping

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4
Q

What is stage 3 in heart development?

A

Atrial and ventricular septation

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5
Q

What is stage 4 in heart development?

A

Outflow tract septation

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6
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the heart?

A

Lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm

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7
Q

What is the earliest system to form and begin functioning within the developing human and why?

A

Cardiovascular system - starts to function at the beginning of the 4th week (22nd day), circulatory system is essential to carry nutrients + waste around the rapidly growing embryo to keep its cells alive - nutrition by diffusion is not enough to satisfy the growing embryo

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8
Q

What does the developing heart invaginate into?

A

Pericardium

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9
Q

What is the process to form the primitive heart tube?

A

Angiogenic cell islands (blood islands) form in the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm and coalesce into 2 tubes (day 18) and then move towards the midline and fuse to form the primitive heart tube (day 22)

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10
Q

When it fuses together to form the primitive heart tube - why can we call it the heart?

A

Because it has striating pumping - blood is moving up through the tube

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11
Q

What germ layer is the parietal layer of serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium formed from?

A

Somatic mesoderm

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12
Q

What germ layer is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium formed from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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13
Q

What end is blood coming into the heart tube?

A

Caudal end (venous)

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14
Q

What end is blood coming out the heart tube?

A

Cranial end (arterial) - towards the head

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15
Q

What are the 5 sections of the primitive heart tube?

A 
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle (primitive)
Atrium (primitive)
Sinus venous (right and left horns)
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16
Q

What day does the tube starting folding?

A

Day 23

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17
Q

Which way does it fold down to?

A

Down to the right

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18
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus continue cranially to become?

A

Aortic sac

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19
Q

What is the definition of a vein?

A

Vessel that takes blood back to the heart

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20
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the foetus?

A

Adults have gas exchanging lungs to oxygenate their blood, whereas foetus’ do not, instead they have a placenta which oxygenates their blood and removes carbon dioxide (note that there is no mixing of blood - nutrients diffuse across)

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21
Q

How is oxygenated blood carried from the placenta to the foetus?

A

Umbilical vein

22
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Where the heart loops the wrong way - loops to left side (instead of right)

23
Q

By what day is the tube folded into a heart-like shape?

A

Day 28

24
Q

What is the blood flow by day 28?

A

Blood flows in the caudal end through the sinus venosus, into a common atrium -> atrioventricular canal -> primitive LV -> interventricular foramen -> primitive RV -> bulbus cordis (conus cordis and truncus arteriosus

25
Q

At this stage the heart has 2 primitive chambers connected by a common atrioventricular canal - what do we need to do now?

A

During week 4 endocardial cushions develop to partition the atria and ventricles -> left AV canal and right AV canal

26
Q

What divides the AV canal into left and right?

A

Fused endocardial cushions

27
Q

What do we need to separate the heart into 2 atria and 2 ventricles?

A

2 septa develop

28
Q

What clinical significance does the endocardial cushion formation and septum formation have?

A

ASD and VSD

29
Q

What is happening at the same time as the endocardial cushions?

A

A spiral septum is forming in the outflow tract

30
Q

What is happening at the same time that the atrial septum is forming?

A

The ventricular septum is forming

31
Q

What is the process of the ventricular septum forming?

A

A muscular septum grows up to from the IV septum - separating the ventricle into left and right (endocardial cushions also grow in from the sides (between atria and ventricles)

32
Q

What is the final part of the IV septum?

A

The membranous part - it develops from a different source

33
Q

What is happening when the atrioventricular canal is dividing?

A

A spiral septum is forming in the outflow tract (conotruncal ridges)

34
Q

What contributes to the membranous part of the interventricular septum?

A

The spiral septum forming in the outflow tract (conotruncal ridges)

35
Q

What is a good way to understand the twisting?

A

Look at a diagram of the fully formed heart

36
Q

During what week of life does the partitioning of the bulbus cordis and the truncus arteriosus take place?

A

Week 5 (starting day 29)

37
Q

The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure?

A

Truncus arteriosus - eventually divides and gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

38
Q

What does the bulbs cordis form?

A

Right ventricle

?parts of the outflow tract?

39
Q

What does the primitive ventricle form?

A

Left ventricle

40
Q

What does the primitive atrium become?

A

Anterior portions of both the right and left atria and the two auricles

41
Q

What does the sinus venous develop into?

A

Posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node and the coronary sinus
(? superior vena cava?)

42
Q

How many shunts develop to bypass the pulmonary circulation?

A

2

43
Q

What happens to them both after birth?

A

They close up

44
Q

What does the foramen ovale leave?

A

Fossa ovalis

45
Q

What chamber is not used in the foetal heart?

A

Right ventricle

46
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in the foetus?

A

Blood which passes into the pulmonary circulation is redirected into the systemic circulation by the ductus arteriosus

47
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

A blood vessel connecting the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta

48
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

49
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

A vessel which shunts the blood of the umbilical vein directly to the IVC - allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver (so its a vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the IVC)

50
Q

In the foetus, oxygenated blood from the placenta first enters the ___ of the heart

A

Right atrium

51
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

Allows blood to enter the LA from the RA - allows blood to bypass the (non-functioning) lungs

52
Q

What is the ligament venosum?

A

Fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of fetal circulation

Cardiovascular (3 decks)

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