Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of arteries, capillaries and veins?

A 
Arteries = take blood away from the heart
Capillaries = exchange nutrients
Veins = collect and return blood to heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the lymphatics?

A

Drain excess extracellular fluid from tissues - blood goes into tissues and plasma leaks out of capillaries into ECF - lymphatic channels return this ‘lymph’ to the venous circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What splits into the right and left pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the inferior mediastinum begin and what is it split into?

A

T4 - sternal angle

Anterior, middle and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is contained within the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart, origins of the great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the mediastinum found?

A

Between the 2 pleural cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the azygos vein?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava - it enters the vena cava at T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the heart sit on top of?

A

The diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 parts to the aorta and what is their vertebral levels?

A 
Ascending
Aortic arch (begins and ends at T4)
Descending (descends from T4 downwards - thoracic then abdominal aorta)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two main circulations?

A

Pulmonary and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What vertebral level does the pulmonary trunk split?

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many vessels enter the LA posteriorly?

A

2 left and 2 right pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What drains into the RA?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava (one single channel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Does the right side of the heart face the front or back?

A

Right side of the heart faces the front and left faces the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Surround the heart on the surface (pericardium) and dive into the myocardium and feed it with oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three branches that come of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk - right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
Left common carotid
Left subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does ‘common’ mean?

A

That its going to split - e.g. common carotid splits into external and internal carotid artery (the external carotid supplies the face and the internal carotid supplies the brain), common illiac splits into internal and external illiac artery (external illiac goes onto form the femoral artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What lies at the base (back) of the heart?

A

LA (and the LV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does the apex beat lie?

A

Mid-clavicular line, 5th intercostal space (just below nipples)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What chamber makes up the apex?

A

LV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In a cross section through the chest, what will you find?

A

The thoracic cavity contains principally two pleural cavities with, between them, the mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What chamber is most anterior in a cross section of the thorax?

A

RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What chamber is most posterior in a cross section of the thorax?

A

LA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what way does the apex point in a cross section of the thorax?

A

Into the left lung (top right hand corner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the RA located?

A

It is the most right part of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What structures sit behind the LA?

A

The LA is entirely posterior
Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Azygos vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Just below the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When lying down, what vertebral levels does the heart lie between?

A

T5-T8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is located in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Sternum and costal cartilages 4-7
Anterior edges of lungs and pleura
Thymic remnants
Internal thoracic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is located in the posterior mediastinum?

A 
Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic vertebrae 5-8 (middle as there is 12)
Sympathetic chain
Azygos vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is located laterally to the heart?

A

Lungs

Phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is located inferiorly to the heart?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is located in the superior mediastinum?

A 
Trachea
Oesophagus
Vagus and phrenic nerve
SVC
Left and right brachiocephalic veins (form left and right subclavian veins)
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the layers of the heart from inside to outside?

A 
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
Pericardial cavity
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is another name for the epicardium?

A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium sitting on a basement membrane, sitting on connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the myocardium made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Outer layer of the heart wall

Simple squamous epithelium (outermost layer) + BM + connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What forms the heart valves and lines the heart chambers?

A

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are myocytes connected by?

A

Intercalated discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a functional syncytium?

A

All the cells function as a unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the most outer layer of the heart?

A

Fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium fused with?

A

The central tendon of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Holds the heart in place and protects the heart against sudden overfilling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What pierces the fibrous pericardium?

A

The aorta, pulmonary trunk and the SVC

The tunica adventitia of these vessels becomes fused with the fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the heart controlled by?

A

Valves - they work passively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is located on the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is located on the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right and left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

A

Prevent valve failure (prevents inverting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are some clinically important valve scenarios?

A

Abnormalities - incompetence/stenosis

Infection (bacterial endocarditis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What valve is bicuspid?

A

Mitral valve (LA -> LV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

2 cusps =

A

2 papillary muscles and 2 sets of chordae tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are the types of atrio-ventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the semi-lunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton?

A

Anchors the valves if the heart - consists of four fibrous rings each surrounding one of the valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the function of the fibrous cardiac skeleton?

A

Provides and semi-rigid support for the valve leaflets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton made up of and where does it lie?

A

Dense connective tissue

The plane between the atria and the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What arises from the right aortic sinus?

A

Right coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What arises from the middle aortic sinus?

A

Left coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Why are the coronary arteries only perfused in diastole?

A

Because in systole, aortic sinuses are shielded by aortic valve cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Where are the coronary arteries located?

A

In the epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What happens if a coronary artery is blocked?

A

Heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does the right coronary artery split into?

A

Right marginal artery

Posterior descending artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What does the left coronary artery split into?

A

Left anterior descending (or inter-ventricular) artery

Left marginal artery
Left circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Whats different about the right and left coronary arteries?

A

The left coronary artery splits into 2 and the right just stays as 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is an important function of the serous pericardium?

A

Secretes fluid into the pericardial space - lubricant which allows the heart to move (i.e. in diastole allows the heart to stretch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

Elastic artery - lots of elastic fibres

Muscular artery - more smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What do arterioles contain and why is this important to them?

A

Smooth muscle - this allows them to expand and contract to control blood flow to capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the order, starting from the aorta, back round to the VC?

A 
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the the layers of an artery wall?

A 
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia (externa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the tunica intima made up of?

A

Epithelium (simple squamous) + BM + connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the tunica media made up of?

A

Smooth muscle

Elastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the tunica externa made up of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are some differences between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries have a smaller diameter than accompanying vein

Arteries have a thicker wall than accompanying vein

77
Q

Comparing arteries to capillaries, which has the greater individual diameter? which has the greatest total cross-sectional area?

A

Arteries

Capillaries

78
Q

What are examples of elastic arteries in the body?

A

Aorta
Common carotid arteries
Pulmonary artery
Subclavian arteries

79
Q

What are examples of muscular arteries in the body?

A

Coronary arteries
Radial arteries
Femoral arteries

80
Q

what is the function of elastic arteries?

A

Expand and contract to push blood

81
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries?

A

They control the distribution of blood to different regions

82
Q

What is the mechanism by which elastic arteries work?

A

Pressure reservoir
Stretched during systole
During diastole the heart relaxes -> pressure falls, the artery recoils thereby maintaining pressure on the blood

83
Q

What is the recoil and stretchability due to?

A

The extensive amounts of elastic fibres in the tunica media in the form of layers = laminae

84
Q

Where do the elastic fibres come from?

A

They are secreted by the smooth muscle cells

85
Q

How do we identify an elastic artery?

A

The tunica media will be completely blue/purple - this is due to the presence of elastic fibres

86
Q

OSPE question - why is this an elastic artery?

A

The very high amount of elastic fibres in the tunica media

87
Q

What does the tunica media contain in muscular arteries?

A

Thick tunica media contains smooth muscle cells

88
Q

Is there any elastic laminae between muscle cells in the tunica media?

A

No

89
Q

Do you have any elastic fibres in muscular artery walls?

A

Yes, you have an internal and external elastic lamina

90
Q

What are the elastic fibres in muscular arteries wall?

A

Elastic fibres are concentrated in 2 well defined sheets called:

  • The internal elastic lamina (IEL) just under the epithelium (surrounding lumen)
  • The thin external/outer elastic lamina (OEL) between the tunica media and the tunica adventitia
91
Q

How do we tell a muscular artery from an elastic artery?

A

In a muscular artery the media is pink and the internal and external elastic is blue (on surface and mid-way down image - i.e. there is not elastic fibres everywhere)

92
Q

What kind of epithelium is the endocardium, epicardium and the tunica intima?

A

Simple squamous

93
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

94
Q

What is the relationship between elastic and muscular arteries?

A

Elastic arteries include the largest arteries in the body, those closest to the heart, and give rise to the smaller muscular arteries. The pulmonary arteries, the aorta, and it’s branches together comprise the body’s system of elastic arteries.

95
Q

What do the small muscular arteries become?

A

Arterioles

96
Q

Do arterioles have smooth muscle?

A

1-2 layers in tunica media, no tunica adventitia

97
Q

What constricts and dilates arterioles?

A

Rich sympathetic innervation - causes vasoconstriction

98
Q

What is the importance of sympathetic innervation of arterioles?

A

Controls blood flow to capillaries beds (local) and controls blood pressure (systemic) - resistance vessels (TPR)

99
Q

Why are capillaries important?

A

Main exchange site for nutrients, gases = therefore, very thin walled

100
Q

What is a capillary wall made up of?

A

Tunica intima only - endothelium on BM (endothelial cells - 1 cell thick)

101
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Incomplete layer of cells surrounding BM - have contractile properties which help control flow of blood in the capillaries

102
Q

Is blood pressure in capillaries low or high?

A

Low

103
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

104
Q

What are the differences between the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous - complete basal lamina and continuous endothelial lining
Fenestrated - complete basal lamina and fenestrated endothelial lining
Discontinuous - incomplete basal lamina and fenestrated endothelial lining

105
Q

How would you identify a continuous capillary and where in the body would you find it?

A

Wall is solid surrounding the lumen, selective transport mechanisms (can control what is exchanged), e.g. in muscle

106
Q

How would you identify a fenestrated capillary and where in the body would you find it?

A

Bumpy wall surrounding lumen and found in e.g. endocrine glands, kidney renal corpuscle

107
Q

How would you identify a discontinuous capillary and where in the body would you find it?

A

See clear gaps in the wall surrounding the lumen, allows free passage of fluid and cells, found in e.g. liver, spleen, bone marrow

108
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Large diameter discontinuous capillaries and they are found where a large amount of exchange takes place - e.g. liver and some endocrine glands

109
Q

What are AV shunts and how are the performed?

A

Bypasses capillary beds e.g. in skin for thermoregulation
Pre-capillary sphincters are at the start of the capillary from the arterioles and they can shut down the capillary - increase/decrease blood flow through it

110
Q

How do we identify veins on histology?

A

Their walls are all squiggly

Tunica intima is thin, tunica media is very thin or absent and the tunica adventitia - collagenous tissue

111
Q

What are valves made of?

A

Endothelial projections into the the lumen (to prevent the back flow of blood)

112
Q

What is the difference between superficial and deep veins?

A

Superficial are thick walled with no surrounding support
Deep veins are thin walled with surrounding support from deep fascia and muscles - they run next to major arteries e.g. femoral artery and vein

113
Q

What is oedema caused by?

A

A build up of fluid in the tissues

114
Q

Where are the two major places in the body that lymph drains?

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct - drain into venous system at jugular/subclavian region

115
Q

How do you tell a vein from a lymphatic vessel - histology?

A

Lymph channel will not contain any RBC

116
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

Vessels of the vessels - big blood vessels need little blood vessels to supply them

117
Q

Does the tunica adventitia have lymphatics?

A

Yes

118
Q

Where does the mediastinum lie?

A

It lies between the right and left pleura, it extends from the sternum in from to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs

119
Q

What is the mediastinum divided into?

A

Superior

Inferior

120
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum subdivided into?

A

Anterior - in front of the pericardium
Middle - pericardium and its contents
Posterior - behind the pericardium

121
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane

122
Q

How do we remember what is in the superior mediastinum?

A 
Glandular plane - thymus
Venous plane - brachiocephalic vein, SVC
Arterial-nervous plane - branches of aortic arch, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves
Visceral plane - trachea, oesophagus
Lymphatic plane - thoracic duct
123
Q

What is contained in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Fat

124
Q

What is contained in the posterior mediastinum?

A 
Oesophagus and vagus nerve
Azygos vein
sympathetic trunk
Thoracic duct
Descending aorta
Splanchnic nerve
125
Q

What is the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium called?

A

Epicardium

126
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium - filled with fluid

127
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

Epithelial cells and a thin layer of fat and connective tissue

128
Q

How many serous cavities are there in the body?

A

3

129
Q

What are the main identification features of the right atrium?

A 
6!
Openings for IVC, SVC
Coronary sinus
Fossa ovalis (in interatrial septum - depression)
Tricuspid valve
Right auricle
Muscle pectinati
130
Q

What are the main identification features of the right ventricle?

A 
5!
Tricuspid valve (3 cusps, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles)
Trabeculae carnea
Moderator band
Opening for pulmonary trunk
Interventricular septum
131
Q

What are the main identification features of the left atrium?

A

Openings for - right and left superior and inferior pulmonary veins
Bicuspid mitral valve
Smooth-walled, small chamber, lying wholly postero-superiorly against the oesophagus (immediately behind it is the oesophagus)
Forms base of heart

132
Q

What is the main identification features of the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve (2 valve cusps, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles)
Trabecular carneae
Opening for aorta
Interventricular septum
Wall 3x as thick as right ventricular wall
Forms apex of the heart

133
Q

The heart is situated anterior to which vertebrae in the recumbent (lying down) position?

A

T5-T8

134
Q

What makes up the right border of the heart?

A

SVC and right atrium

135
Q

What makes up the left border of the heart?

A

Aortic arch and left ventricle

136
Q

What makes up the anterior surface of the heart?

A

RA (1/4)
RV (2/4)
LV (1/4)
Heart sits 1/3 to the right of the sternum and 2/3 to the left

137
Q

What are the main arteries of the trunk and chest wall?

A

Internal thoracic arteries (2) - gives of anterior intercostal arteries = internal mammary artery
Descending aorta

138
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries originate from?

A

Subclavian arteries

139
Q

What are the main veins of the trunk and chest wall?

A

Internal thoracic veins (2) - receive anterior thoracic veins
Inferior vena cava
Azygos vein

140
Q

Where do the internal thoracic veins drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

141
Q

What is the main lymphatics of the trunk and chest wall?

A

Thoracic duct

142
Q

What side of the vertebrae does the azygos vein lie on?

A

Right

143
Q

Where does the thoracic duct sit in relation to the azygos vein and the aorta?

A

In between

144
Q

What side do the IVC and the SVC lie in comparison to the aorta?

A

Right hand side - right mediastinum is essentially the venous side

145
Q

What does subclavian artery arise from?

A

Aortic arch

146
Q

When does the subclavian become auxiliary artery?

A

Lateral border of 1st rib

147
Q

When does the auxiliary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Inferior border of the teres major muscle

148
Q

When does the brachial artery divide?

A

Cubital fossa - divides into the radial and ulnar artery

149
Q

What happens regarding arteries in the hand?

A

Radial and ulnar arteries form palmar arches in pam of hand which give off digital arteries

150
Q

What is the lateral vein in the arm?

A

Cephalic vein

151
Q

What is the medial vein in the arm?

A

Basilic vein

152
Q

What connects the basilic vein and the cephalic vein across the cubital fossa?

A

Median cubital vein

153
Q

So cephalic vein travels up the limb on the lateral side - where does it drain?

A

Drains into auxiliary vein below clavicle

154
Q

So basilic vein travels up the limb on the medial side - what does it become?

A

Becomes continuous within brachial veins (deep veins accompanying brachial artery)

155
Q

What do the basilic vein and the cephalic vein become in the hand?

A

Dorsal venous arch

156
Q

What does the internal iliac supply?

A

Genitalia

157
Q

How do we revise arteries and veins of the legs?

A

OSPE mock - PowerPoint

158
Q

What do the veins become in the feet?

A

Great saphenous vein and the small saphenous combine to give the dorsal venous arch

159
Q

Where do we palpate pulses?

A 
Common carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
160
Q

What does the right coronary artery become?

A

Right marginal artery

Posterior descending artery

161
Q

What does the left coronary artery become?

A

Left anterior descending (or interventricular artery) artery
Left marginal artery
Left circumflex artery

162
Q

What are the 2 major sulci that contain the branches of the coronary arteries?

A

Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus - between atria and ventricles
Interventricular sulcus - between right and left ventricles

163
Q

What does that RCA arise from?

A

Right aortic sinus of ascending aorta

164
Q

What does the LCA arise from?

A

Left aortic sinus of ascending aorta

165
Q

Where do the RCA and LCA run?

A

Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus

166
Q

What does the RCA give of the right marginal artery?

A

Inferior margin of heart

167
Q

On the posterior surface of the heart what does the RCA become?

A

Posterior descending artery

168
Q

Where does the left anterior descending artery lie in?

A

Inter-ventricular sulcus

169
Q

Where are the anastomoses of the heart and what do they occur between?

A

Posterior surface of heart
Anterior and posterior descending arteries
Left circumflex and RCA

170
Q

Anterior descending =

A

Anterior inter-ventricular

171
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium

172
Q

What vein lies alongside the anterior interventricualr artery?

A

Great cardiac vein

173
Q

What vein lies alongside the posterior interventricular artery

A

Middle cardiac vein

174
Q

What vein lies alongside the right marginal artery?

A

Small cardiac vein

175
Q

Where do all three drain into?

A

The coronary sinus

176
Q

What artery does the coronary sinus lie alongside?

A

Circumflex artery

177
Q

Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain?

A

Directly into the RA

178
Q

What can the vagus nerve (parasympathetic innervation) do to the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate

179
Q

What can sympathetic innervation do to the heart?

A

Increase heart rate and force of contraction

180
Q

What controls heart rate? (even though it can be influenced by the ANS)

A

Pacemaker cells in the SA node

181
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate in the heart?

A

Innervates the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium (carries pain sensation)

182
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate in the heart?

A

Innervates heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium (major external force that controls heart rate)

183
Q

How do the sympathetic fibres innervate the heart?

A

From the cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia - innervate heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium

184
Q

What is the difference between an artery and vein histologically?

A

Artery has a thick smooth muscular wall and lumen is smaller relative to wall than vein
Vein has much less smooth muscle

185
Q

What are some features of cardiac muscle histologically?

A

Branching striated fibres
Central rounded nuclei (mono-nucleic)
Intercalated discs

186
Q

Is a femoral artery muscular or elastic?

A

Muscular

187
Q

What is the difference between muscular and elastic arteries?

A

Muscular arteries are smaller distributing arteries - they have thick smooth muscle in the wall and very few elastic fibres (they are split into two layers
Elastic arteries are larger conducting arteries receiving blood directly from the heart - they have numerous laminae of dark staining, wavy elastic fibres in wall amongst smooth muscle fibres (they need to contract and force blood through

188
Q

Examples of elastic arteries?

A

Aorta and pulmonary arteries

189
Q

What anatomical features allow arterioles to function as resistance vessels?

A

They have a relatively narrow lumen and a strong muscular wall

Cardiovascular (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions