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Anatomy Outlines HB2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

zygote

A

single celled organism after fertilization

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2
Q

morula

A

16 cell stage

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3
Q

blastocyst

A

outer and inner cell masses – filled with fluid

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4
Q

Trophoblast

A

becomes placenta

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5
Q

syncytiotropolast

A

invasive cells that secrete hCG

from trophoblast

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6
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

mitotic part that gives rise to syncytiotrophoblast

from trophoblast

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7
Q

embryoblast

A

becomes embryo

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8
Q

bilaminar disc

A

2 areas – yolk sac and amniotic sac
o Epiblast – becomes 3 germ layers
o Hypoblast – lines yolk sac

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9
Q

trilaminar disc

A

3 areas (germ cell layers)
o Ectoderm – epiblast cells
o Mesoderm – migrating epiblast cells
o Endoderm – migrating epiblast cells that displace hypoblast lining yolk sac

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10
Q

primitive streak

A

directs the formation of the 3 germ layers from the disc

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11
Q

oropharyngeal membrane

A

in gastrula, separates oral cavity from the foregut

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12
Q

cloacal membrane

A

covers the cloaca during urinary and reproductive development

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13
Q

3 body axes

A

o Cranial/Caudal
o Ventra/Dorsal
o Right/Left

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14
Q

notchord

A

mesodermic structure that directs neurulation

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15
Q

3 germ layers

A

endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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16
Q

endoderm gives rise to

A

epithelial lining of organs and cavities

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17
Q

mesderm subsets

A

paraxial, intermediate, lateral plate

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18
Q

lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to

A
  • Parietal (somatic) mesoderm – limb bones and body wall connective tissue
  • Visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm – cardiac and smooth muscle, and connective tissue of internal organs
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19
Q

paraxial mesderom gives rise to

A

• Somites
o Sclerotome – vertebrae and ribs
o Myotome – skeletal muscle
o Dermatome – dermis

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20
Q

intermediate mesoderm gives rise to

A

urinary and reproductive systems

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21
Q

ectoderm gives rise to

A

 Neural tube – gives rise to CNS
 Neural crest cells – gives rise to PNS
 Surface ectoderm - epidermis

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22
Q

pre embryonic period

time period and what occurs

A

weeks 1-2
o Fertilization – oocyte and sperm join to make diploid zygote
o Implantation – when embryo implants on wall (hopefully uterine wall or else it’s ectopic)

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23
Q

embryonic period

time period and what occurs

A

weeks 3-5
o Gastrulation – formation of germ layers
o Neurulation – formation of neural tube (and neural crest)
o Body folding – makes cavities i.e. heart and gut
o Organogenesis – week 5-8

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24
Q

fetal period

A

week 9 to birth

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25
Q

malformation

A

intrinsic developmental problem i.e. gene mutation

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26
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal cell and tissue formation

27
Q

deformation

A

extrinsic problem that causes defect i.e. compressed uterus leading to club foot

28
Q

disruption

A

interference of outside process i.e. cord wrapping around limb and making smaller

29
Q

pericardial cavity embryo

A

lateral plate mesoderm at the cephalic area of the embryo will split into somatic and splanchnic layers, forming the pericardial cavity
o Precardiac mesoderm is distributed in the splanchnic layer called heart forming regions
o Heart tube is formed from these regions ~20 days
o VEGF induces some mesoderm to get remodeled into a single endocardial tube called the endocardium, and part of that forms the myocardium, and part of that secretes cardiac jelly
o Mesoderm migrating from the coelomic wall near the liver forms the epicardium

30
Q

pericardium embryo

A

fusion of the pleuropericardial folds/membrane

o Primitive heart tube begins to form an S shape within the pericardium between days 23 and 28

31
Q

conotruncus

A

comprises the conus and the truncus, gives rise to aorta and pulmonary trunk

32
Q

5 dilatations of primitive heart tube

A 
o	Truncus arteriosus 
o	Bulbus cordis  
o	Primitive ventricle 
o	Primitive atrium 
o	Sinus venosus
33
Q

trunucus arteriosis

A

gives rises to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

34
Q

bulbus cordis

A

under truncus
 Conus arteriosus – smooth part of right ventricle
 Aortic vestibule – smooth part of left ventricle

35
Q

primitive ventricle

A

trabeculated part of right and left ventricle

36
Q

primitive atrium

A

trabeculated part of right and left atrium

37
Q

sinus venosus

A

most inferior on the structure
 Sinus venarum – smooth part of right atrium
 Coronary sinus
 Oblique vein of left atrium

38
Q

endocardial cushions

A

atrio-ventricular subsets of cells that help from the septum
o Develop on the atrioventricular canal and conotruncal region of the bulbus cordis
o Dorsal and ventral AV cushions meet and fuse to form the AV septum

39
Q

septum primum

A

crescent shape that forms in the roof of the primitive atrium
o Grows towards AV cushions
o Foramen primum forms in the center

40
Q

septum secundum

A

forms to the right of the septum primum

o The septum primum and septum secundum fuse to complete the form of the atrial septum later in life

41
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening between upper and lower limbs of the septum secundum
o During fetal life, blood is shunted from right atrium to left atrium via the foramen ovale to bypass right ventricle because blood is oxygenated by placenta not lungs
o Immediately after birth, a functional close of the FO is facilitated by a decrease in right atrial pressure because of occlusion of placenta circulation and an increase in left atrial pressure because of increased pulmonary venous return
o Adult remnant is the fossa ovale

42
Q

fossa ovalis

A

adult remnant foramen ovale

43
Q

spiral septum / aorticopulmonary septum

A

developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest
o Separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries
o Fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during heart development

44
Q

aortic arches

A

arterial pattern develops from six pairs of arteries (aortic arches)
o Undergo a complex remodeling process that results in adult arterial pattern

45
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connection between left pulmonary artery and aorta

o Adult remnant is ligamentum arteriosus

46
Q

ductus venosus

A

route for fetal blood by pass liver because it is already filter by placenta; adult remnant is ligamentum venosus in liver

47
Q

umbilical arteries

A

located in definitive umbilical cord at term, need 2, 1 is abnormal finding indicative of cardiovascular abnormalities; carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

48
Q

umbilical veins

A

o Left umbilical vein – adult remnant is ligamentum teres hepatis, carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis) – divides liver into medial and lateral

49
Q

cardinal veins

A

give rise to SVC, IVC, internal jugular, common iliac, renal veins etc

50
Q

atrial septal defects

A

“hole” in wall between atria
o Noted on auscultation with a loud S1 and a wide, fixed split S2
o Left to right shunting of blood, marked cyanosis
o Not as serious, many cases diagnosed in adulthood because problem lie PHTN

51
Q

ventricular septal defects

A

“hole” in wall between ventricles
o Most common congenital cardiac anomaly, seen in Down’s Syndrome
o Can be caused by incomplete heart looping during development, deficient endocardial cushion growth
o Refluxing of blood within the heart system causes volume overload on the left ventricle. The left ventricle normally has a much higher systolic pressure (~120 mmHg) than the right ventricle (~20 mmHg), and the leakage of blood into the right ventricle elevates right ventricular pressure and volume, causing pulmonary hypertension and associated symptoms

52
Q

persistent/patent ductus arteriosus

A

occurs when ductus arteriosus fails to close, within a few hours birth via smooth muscle contraction to form the ligamentum arteriosum
o Causes left to right shunting of blood, oxygen rich blood back into pulmonary circulation
o Can be treated with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, catecholamines, Ach
o Very common in premature infants, maternal rubella and asphyxia
o Constant murmur “machinery murmur” with wheezy breathing

53
Q

machinery murmur and wheezy breathing is indicative of:

A

PAD

patent ductus arteriosis

54
Q

transposition of the great vessels

A

abnormal neural crest cell migration such that there is non-spiral development of AP septum; results in:
 Aorta arises abnormally from right ventricle – deoxygenated
 Pulmonary trunk arises abnormally from left ventricle – oxygenated
 Systemic and pulmonary circulations are completed separated
 Incompatible with life unless there is a VSD, patent foramen ovale or patent ductus arteriosus; often associated with marked cyanosis

55
Q

persistent truncus arteriosis

A

caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration such that there is only partial development of the AP septum
o Results in condition where only 1 large vessel leaves the heart and receives blood from both left and right ventricles
o Often accompanied by VSD and marked cyanosis (right to left shunting of blood)

56
Q

Blue lips, systolic murmur, normal lung sounds is:

A

tetraology of fallot

57
Q

squatting, history of stroke, clubbing digits

A

tetralogy of fallot

58
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

ToF – caused by abnormal neural crest cell migrations such that there is skewed development of the AP septum right to left shunt, blue baby
o Small diameter of pulmonary trunk and large diameter of aorta
o 4 classic malformations PROVe
 Pulmonary stenosis
 Right ventricular hypertrophy
 Overriding aorta
 Ventricular septal defect

59
Q

ToF has what shunt of blood

A

Right to left

blue baby

60
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

constricted blood flow at parts of aorta

61
Q

preductal coarctation

A

before ductus arteriosus, blood shunts through that to aorta

62
Q

postductal coarctation

A

after ductus arteriosus so blood must be pushed out of aortic branches (specifically subclavian to internal thoracic to dilated, tortuous intercostals to thoracic aorta) more likely to be cyanotic and low pulse in lower body

63
Q

ligamentum venosum

A

the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. Usually, it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the porta hepatis. It may be continuous with the round ligament of liver.

Anatomy Outlines HB2 (5 decks)

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