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Reproductive - EXAM 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

______ forms in the upper thoracic to upper lumbar region. It develops from superior to inferior, and performs filtration from about ______ weeks gestation (though not all parts at once).

A

Mesonephros, 4-10

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2
Q

____ takes care of filtration for the embryo < 4 weeks

A

Pronephros

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3
Q

Eventually the mesonephros’ filtration function is replaced by the ____ which becomes the

A

metanephros, adult kidney.

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4
Q

Eventually, around week ____ the mesonephros’ filtration function is replaced by the ____ which becomes the

A

5, metanephros, adult kidney.

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5
Q

Primordial germ cells differentiate in _______ and migrate to the ______ at the ___ week

A

Neck of the yolk sac
Genital ridge
4-5th weeks

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6
Q

the “indifferent stage”

A
  • Before 10 weeks

- both male and female genital ducts are present

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7
Q

Male duct system develops from the _______

A

Mesonephric / Wolffian Ducts

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8
Q

Female duct system develops from the _____

A

Paramesonephric / Mullerian Ducts

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9
Q

Mesonephric ducts form the _______ in males

A

epididymis,
ductus deferens,
efferent ducts,
ejaculatory duct

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10
Q

Paramesonephric ducts form the _____ in females

A

fallopian tubes,
uterus,
upper 1/3 to 2/3 of the vagina.

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11
Q

Genital duct differentiation begins

A

during 3rd month of gestation (8-9 weeks)

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12
Q

Genital duct differentiation begins

A

during 3rd month of gestation (8-9 weeks)

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13
Q

______ causes Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts to differentiate into male genital structures, the gonads to become testes

A

TDF (Testes determining factor)

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14
Q

The testes make _______ to cause the mullerian/paramesonephric ducts to regress

A

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance

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15
Q

Primary sex cords of testes containing the primordial germ cells, and are located __

A

Testes cords (spermatic cords), medulla of testes

spermatic cords are solid until puberty, when then canalize and become Seminiferous Tubules

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16
Q

Spermatic cords contain what two types of cells

A

(epithelial cells&raquo_space;) Sertoli cells (“nurse” cells for sperm)

(primordial germ cells&raquo_space;) Spermatoblasts

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17
Q

With puberty, spermatic cords become the

A

Seminiferous Tubules

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18
Q

Cells within the seminiferous tubules which make testosterone

A

Cells of Leydig

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19
Q

What if testes fail to ever develop in the fetus, or are removed from the fetus very early on?

A

Paramesonephric ducts will be uninhibited (by MIS) and will become female genetalia

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20
Q

What if ovaries fail to develop or are removed in the female fetus?

A

Has no effect on fetal sexual development– still female genitalia

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21
Q

What if ovaries fail to develop or are removed in the female fetus?

A

Has no effect on fetal sexual development– still female genitalia

22
Q

a common opening shared by the digestive, reproductive, and the urinary tracts.

A

Cloaca

23
Q

A ______ develops at the anterior end of the cloacal membrane/ Elongates to form the Phallus

A

genital tubercle

24
Q

Fusion of the ______ makes the scrotum.

Fusion of the ______creates the penis and the elongated urethra.

A

Labioscrotal folds

Urogenital folds

25
Q

Incomplete fusion of the ureteral folds.

Typically more distal, though proximal variations can occur.

A

Hypospadia

26
Q

The testicles descend to the level of internal inguinal ring at about which time point during gestation?

A

7th month

27
Q

The testicles descend to the level of internal inguinal ring at about which time point during gestation?

A

7th month

28
Q

Ovary cannot be defined histologically until

A

10th week

29
Q

The sex cords which become seminiferous tubules in males become what in females

A

Primordial follicles

30
Q

Each primordial follicle consists of

A 
Oogonium (from primordial germ cells)
Follicular cells (from surface epithelium, surround oogonium)
31
Q

About how many oogonium remain to become primary oocytes at birth

A

2 million

32
Q

by puberty about how many oocytes remain

A

500,000

33
Q

by puberty about how many oocytes remain

A

500,000

34
Q

Mesonephric ducts will form the _____ which will deliver sperm to the region of the prostate

A

Ductus Deferens

35
Q

The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form_________ in the midline and will become the ______

A

a Y-shaped uterovaginal primordium

Uterus and superior portion of vagina

36
Q

The uterine (fallopian) tubes develop from ____

A

the unfused, cranial part of the paramesonephric ducts.

37
Q

When the paramesonephric ducts fuse, the process also brings together two sides of a peritoneal fold that, when folded together, form the

A

broad ligament

38
Q

An enlargement at the end of the____ induces the formation of paired endodermal outgrowths called ____

A

urogenital sinus

sinovaginal bulbs.

39
Q

The sinovaginal bulbs fuse to form a

A

vaginal plate.

40
Q

The two sets of tissue which fuse and canalize to form the vagina

A

urigenital sinus

sinovaginal bulbs

41
Q

The precursor for all steroid hormones is ___

A

cholesterol

42
Q

Progesterone is both

A

an active steroid hormone and an important intermediary.

43
Q

What would happen if 21α-hydroxylase was missing

A

Progesterone wouldnt be able to convert into Aldosterone and Cortisol

The extra progesterone instead would be converted to testosterone (/estrogens)

44
Q

What would happen if 11 β-hydroxylase was missing

A

Same as 21α - Abundance of testosterone, shortage of Cortisol and Aldosterone

45
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is usually due to deficiency in which enzyme

A

21α-hydroxylase

Deficiency of Cortisol (and sometimes Aldosterone) occurs, which causes fetal pituitary to make more ACTH.
With enough ACTH, finally cortisol is made… but MUCH MORE androgen is made as well.
The adrenals enlarge because of all the cortisol precursor they make

46
Q

Urine test for CAH

A

Serum 17-OHP, will be elevated

47
Q

A less-active form of estrogen, created in low levels in fat cells when steroids are stored there

A

Estrone

48
Q

The major form of estrogen made by the ovaries

The most hormonally-active form of estrogen

A

Estradiol

49
Q

Much less active form
Created in small amounts in the liver
Created in higher amounts in the placenta
Can be used as a marker for NTD’s

A

Estriol

50
Q

Peripheral Hormone Conversions

occur in the presence of ______

A

Aromatase

Androstenedione&raquo_space; Estrone

Testosterone&raquo_space; Estradiol

Reproductive - EXAM 1 (3 decks)

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