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Neurology-First Aid 2017 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Induces ectoderm differentiation

A

Notochord

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2
Q

Differentiates into neuroectoderm

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

Differentiates into neural plate

A

Neuroectoderm

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4
Q

Gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells

A

Neural plate

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5
Q

Becomes nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults

A

Notochord

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6
Q

Embryological structure that gives rise to dorsal sensory nerves

A

Alar plate

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7
Q

Embryological structure that gives rise to ventral motor nerves

A

Basal plate

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8
Q

Structures derived from telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

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9
Q

Structures derived from myelencephalon

A

Medulla and lower fourth ventricle

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10
Q

Structures derived from diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

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11
Q

Structures derived from mesencephalon

A

Midbrain, aqueduct

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12
Q

Structures derived from metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum, upper fourth ventricle

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13
Q

Gives rise to telencephalon and diencephalon

A

Forebrain

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14
Q

Gives rise to metencephalon and myelencephalon

A

Hindbrain

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15
Q

Gives rise to mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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16
Q

Other name for forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

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17
Q

Other name for midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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18
Q

Other name for hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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19
Q

Tissue microglia derived from

A

Mesoderm

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20
Q

Cells derived from neural crest cells

A

Schwann cells and PNS neurons

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21
Q

Lab findings in neural tube defects

A

Increased alpha-fetoprotein and AChE

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22
Q

Mechanism of increased AChE in neural tube defects

A

AChE flows through defect into amniotic fluid

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23
Q

Neural tube defects are associated with what

A

Low folate intake before and during pregnancy and maternal diabetes

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24
Q

Mechanism of anencephaly

A

Failure of rostral neuropore to close

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25
Q

Complications of anencephaly

A

Polyhydramnios, no forebrain and open calvarium

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26
Q

Mechanism of spina bifida occulta

A

Failure of caudal neuropore to close

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27
Q

Associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect and no herniation

A

Spina bifida occulta

28
Q

Meninges herniate though bony defect, no neural tissue

A

Meningocele

29
Q

Neuropore that fails to close in meningocele

A

Caudal neuropore

30
Q

Meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect

A

Meningomyelocele

31
Q

Most common neural tube defect

A

Spina bifida occulta

32
Q

Neural tube defect associated with spina bifida cystica

A

Meningocele

33
Q

Neuropore that fails to close in meningomyelocele

A

Caudal neuropore

34
Q

Brain abnormality seen on MRI as monoventricle and fusion of basal ganglia

A

Holoprosencephaly

35
Q

Genetic defect associated with holoprosencephaly

A

Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

36
Q

Findings in holoprosencephaly

A

Cleft lip/palate or cyclopia

37
Q

Trisomy associated with holoprosencephaly

A

Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)

38
Q

Malformation with herniation of cerebellar tonsils, usually asymptomatic in childhood

A

Chiari I malformation

39
Q

Spinal cord abnormality associated with Chiari I malformation

A

Syringomyelia

40
Q

Initial area of damage in Syringomyelia

A

Anterior white commissure causing bilateral loss of paint and temperature in upper extremities

41
Q

Manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms and associated with syringomyelia

A

Chiari I malformation

42
Q

Presents with agenesis of cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle and hydrocephalus

A

Dandy-Walker syndrome

43
Q

Neural tube disorder associated with Dandy-Walker syndrome

A

Spina bifida occulta

44
Q

Spina bifida patient with ataxia and non-communicating hydrocephalus has what other condition

A

Dandy-Walker syndrome

45
Q

Cystic cavity within central canal of spinal cord associated with Chiari I malformation

A

Syringomyelia

46
Q

Location of lesion in syringomyelia patient presenting with ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis

A

Lateral horn

47
Q

Location of lesion in syringomyelia patient presenting with LMN deficits, atrophy, decreased muscle tone, and reflexes

A

Anterior horn

48
Q

Branchial arches forming anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

1st and 2nd branchial arches

49
Q

CN providing sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

CN V3

50
Q

CN providing taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

CN VII

51
Q

Branchial arches forming posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

3rd and 4th branchial arches

52
Q

CNs providing most taste and sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

CN IX

53
Q

CNs providing taste and sensation to extreme posterior part of tongue

A

CN X

54
Q

CNs that are motor to tongue

A

CNs X and XII

55
Q

CNs that sense pain for tongue

A

CNs V3, IX, X

56
Q

CNs that sense taste for tongue

A

CNs VII, IX, X

57
Q

Muscle that retracts and depresses tongue

A

Hyoglossus

58
Q

CN providing motor innervation to hyoglossus

A

CN XII

59
Q

Muscle that protrudes tongue

A

Genioglossus

60
Q

CN providing motor innervation to genioglossus

A

CN XII

61
Q

Muscle that draws sides of tongue upward creating a trough for swallowing

A

Styloglossus

62
Q

CN providing motor innervation to styloglossus

A

CN XII

63
Q

Tongue muscles innervated by CN XII

A

Hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus

64
Q

Muscle that elevates posterior tongue during swallowing

A

Palatoglossus

65
Q

CN proving motor innervation to palatoglossus

A

CN X

Neurology-First Aid 2017 (5 decks)

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