Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Part of the neuron that is visible with Nissl staining
A
Cell bodies and dendrites
2
Q
Structure in dendrite stained by Nissl staining
A
RER
3
Q
Structure of neuron not stained by Nissl staining
A
Axons - lack RER
4
Q
Degeneration of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
A
Wallerian degeneration
5
Q
Signal transmitting cells of the nervous system
A
Neurons
6
Q
Part of the neuron that sends output
A
Cell bodies and axons
7
Q
Part of the neuron that receives input
A
Dendrites
8
Q
Astrocyte marker
A
GFAP
9
Q
Tissue astrocytes derived from
A
Neuroectoderm
10
Q
Virus that infects astrocytes
A
JC virus
11
Q
GFAP positive cerebellar mass in children
A
Astrocytoma
12
Q
Cell involved in reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
A
Astrocyte
13
Q
Astrocytes are a component of what physical structure
A
BBB
14
Q
Buffering provided by astrocytes
A
Extracellular potassium buffer and glycogen fuel reserve buffer
15
Q
Cells of the nervous system that remove excess neurotransmitter
A
Astrocytes
16
Q
Macrophages of the CNS
A
Microglia
17
Q
Composition of multinucleated giant cells in the CNS
A
HIV-infected microglia
18
Q
Cells not seen on Nissl stain and are activated by tissue damage in CNS
A
Microglia
19
Q
What is found in high concentrations in nodes of Ranvier
A
Sodium channels
20
Q
Function of myelin
A
Increase conduction velocity of signals transmitted down axons
21
Q
What signal functions are increased by myelin
A
Signal velocity and length constant
22
Q
Nodes of Ranvier allow what type of conduction
A
Saltatory conduction
23
Q
What is myelin composed of
A
Lipids and proteins
24
Q
Disease that injures Schwann cells
A
Guillain-Barre syndrome
25
Function of Schwann cells
Myelinate PNS axons
26
Number of axons myelinated by Schwann cells
One axon
27
Tissue Schwan cells derived from
Neural crest cells
28
Function of oligodendrocytes
Myelinate CNS axons
29
Predominant type of glial cell in white matter
Oligodendrocytes
30
Tissue oligodendrocytes derived from
Neuroectoderm
31
Appearance of oligodendrocytes on histology
"Fried egg" appearance
32
Diseases that injure oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis, PML and leukodystrophies
33
Number of axons myelinated by oligodendrocytes
About 30
34
Slow unmyelinated fibers that sense pain and temperature located in skin, epidermis and some viscera
C fibers
35
Fast unmyelinated fibers that sense pain and temperature located in skin, epidermis and some viscera
A-delta fibers
36
Fibers that make up free nerve endings
C fibers an A-delta fibers
37
Sensory receptor located in hairless skin, senses fine/light touch and position sense
Meissner corpuscles
38
Fibers associated with Meissner corpuscles
Large, fast-adapting myelinated fibers
39
Fibers associated with Pacinian corpuscles
Large, fast-adapting myelinated fibers
40
Sensory receptors found in deep skin layers, ligaments and joints that sense vibration and pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
41
Fibers associated with Merkel discs
Large, slow-adapting myelinated fibers
42
Sensory fibers found on finger tips and superficial skin that sense pressure, position sense and deep static touch
Merkel discs
43
Fibers associated with Ruffini corpuscles
Slow-adapting dendritic endings with capsule
44
Sensory fibers found on finger tips and joints that sense pressure, joint angle changes and slippage of objects along surface of skin
Ruffini corpuscles
45
Fibers that are 0.5 to 2 microns in diameter blocked more by local anesthetics
C fibers
46
Fibers that are 3 to 5 microns in diameter and less affected by local anesthetics
A-delta fibers
47
Surround fascicle of nerve fibers and provides the blood-nerve permeability barrier
Perineurium
48
Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve
Epineurium
49
Surrounds single nerve fiber and is location of myelin layer
Endoneurium
50
Nerve layer that must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
Perineurium
51
Nerve layer attacked in Guillain-Barre syndrome
Endoneurium
52
Reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury characterized by round cellular swelling, displacement of nucleus to periphery, and dispersion of Nissl bodies throughout cytoplasm
Chromatolysis
53
Response of cell body to axonal injury with increased protein synthesis in effort to repair damaged axon seen in Wallerian degeneration
Chromatolysis
54
Location of serotonin synthesis
Raphe nucleus
55
Location of ACh synthesis
Basal nucleus of Meynert
56
Location of dopamine synthesis
Ventral tegmentum, SNc
57
Location of GABA synthesis
Nucleus accumbens
58
Location of NE synthesis
Locus ceruleus
59
NT changes seen in Alzheimer's
Decreased ACh
60
NT changes seen in anxiety
Decreased GABA, serotonin
| Increased NE
61
NT changes seen in depression
Decreased dopamine, NE, serotonin
62
NT changes seen in schizophrenia
Increased dopamine
63
NT changes seen in Huntington disease
Decreased ACh, GABA
| Increased dopamine
64
NT changes seen in Parkinson's
Decreased dopamine, serotonin
| Increased ACh
65
Three membranes the surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
66
Thick outer layer closest to skull
Dura mater
67
Tissue dura mater derived from
Mesoderm
68
Thin, fibrous layer that firmly adheres to brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
69
Tissue pia mater derived from
Neural crest
70
Middle layer of meninges with web-like connections
Arachnoid mater
71
Tissue arachnoid mater derived from
Neural crest
72
What is contained in epidural space
Fat and blood vessels
73
Potential space between dura mater and skull
Epidural space
74
Space located between arachnoid and pia mater
Subarachnoid space
75
What is contained in subarachnoid space
CSF
76
NTs with only CNS effects
Serotonin, GABA, and glutamate
77
NTs with both PNS and CNS effects
NE, ACh, dopamine
78
Function of BBB
Prevents blood substances from reaching the CSF/CNS
79
Structures that make up BBB
1. Tight junctions by non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells
2. Basement membrane
3. Astrocyte foot processes
80
How do glucose and amino acids cross BBB
Slowly by carrier-mediated transport mechanism
81
How do nonpolar, lipid-soluble substances cross BBB
Rapid diffusion
82
Areas of brain with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB
Area postrema, OVLT, neurohypophysis
83
BBB complication of infarction or neoplasm
Destruction of endothelial tight junctions causing vasogenic edema
84
Area of brain that senses changes in osmolarity and not protected by BBB
OVLT
85
Area of brain that is found in medulla, responds to emetics, and not protected by BBB
Area postrema
86
Area of hypothalamus that controls hunger
Lateral area
87
inhibiting hormone to lateral area hypothalamus
Leptin
88
What does leptin do
Decrease hunger
89
Stimulating hormone to lateral area of hypothalamus
Ghrelin
90
What does ghrelin do
Increase hunger
91
Destruction of lateral are of hypothalamus causes what
Anorexia
92
Area of hypothalamus that controls satiety
Ventromedial
93
Stimulating hormone to ventromedial are of hypothalamus
Leptin
94
What does leptin do in ventromedial area of hypothalamus
Signals fullness
95
What does destruction of the ventromedial area of hypothalamus cause
Hyperphagia
96
Mass that can damage ventromedial area of hypothalamus
Craniopharyngioma
97
Part of the ANS that controls anterior hypothalamus
Parasympathetic
98
Area of hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
99
Area of hypothalamus that controls cooling
Anterior hypothalamus
100
Part of ANS that controls posterior hypothalamus
Sympathetic
101
Function of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
Make ADH and oxytocin, respectively
102
Area of hypothalamus that control heating
Posterior hypothalamus
103
Locus ceruleus is located near what structure
Posterior pons near 4th ventricle
104
What regulates the sleep cycle
Circadian rhythm
105
What controls the circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
106
What regulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Light (environment)
107
Process of melatonin release
Suprachiasmatic nucleus stimulates NE release which activates pineal gland to release melatonin
108
Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of which substances
NE, ACTH, prolactin, melatonin
109
How do alcohol, benzos and barbs affect sleep
Decrease REM and delta wave sleep
110
How does NE affect sleep
Decreases REM sleep
111
ECG waveform when awake, eyes open
Beta wave
112
ECG waveform when awake, eyes closed
Alpha wave
113
ECG waveform with highest frequency and lowest amplitude
Beta wave
114
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N1
Theta
115
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N2
Sleep spindles and K complexes
116
ECG waveform during non-REM sleep stage N3
Delta
117
Sleep stage when sleepwalking, night terrors and bedwetting occur
Stage N3 of non-REM sleep
118
ECG waveform with lowest frequency and highest amplitude
Delta
119
How does depression affect the sleep cycle
Increases total REM sleep but decreases REM latency
120
What causes extra-ocular movements during REM sleep
Activity of PPRF
121
ECG waveform during REM sleep
Beta
122
Sleep cycle characterized by loss of motor tone, increased brain O2 use, variable HR and BP, and increased ACh
REM sleep
123
How often does REM sleep occur
Every 90 minutes, duration increases throughout the night
124
What fibers terminate in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus
Spinothalamic tract and posterior column/medial lemniscus
125
Where do fibers from the VPL terminate
Primary somatosensory cortex
126
What does the VPL nucleus sense
Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch, temperature
127
What fibers terminate in the VPM nucleus
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
128
What does the VPM nucleus sense
Face sensation and taste
129
Where do fibers from the VPM terminate
Primary sensory cortex
130
What fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus
CN II
131
What does the LGN sense
Vision
132
Where do LGN fibers terminate
Calcarine sulcus
133
What fibers terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus
Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
134
What does the MGN sense
Hearing
135
Where do MGN fibers terminate
Auditory cortex of temporal lobe
136
What fibers terminate in the Ventral lateral nucleus
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
137
What is the function of the Ventral lateral nucleus
Motor
138
Where doe ventral lateral nucleus fibers terminate
Motor cortex
139
What are the key components of the limbic system
Mamillary bodies, Amygdala, Cingulate gyrus, Hippocampus, Entorhinal cortex Fornix (MACH EF)
140
What is the function of the limbic system
Behavior modulation, Smell, ANS function, Long-term memory, Emotion (B SALE)
141
Pathway affected with increased activity leading to positive symptoms and target of antipsychotic drugs
Mesolimbic pathway
142
Pathway affected with decreased activity increasing prolactin leading to decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, and gynecomastia
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
143
Pathway affected with decreased activity causing extrapyramidal symptoms, movement disorders and major dopaminergic pathway
Nigrostriatal pathway
144
Pathway affected with decreased activity causing negative symptoms and having minimal effects by antipsychotics
Mesocortical pathway
145
Symptoms of flocculonodular lobe lesions
Truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting (vertigo)
146
Symptoms caused by medial cerebellar lesions involving the vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei or flocculonodular
Truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting (vertigo)
147
Symptoms of lateral cerebellar lesions
Propensity to fall toward injured side (ipsilateral)
148
Bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature are caused by what type of cerebellar lesions
Midline cerebellar lesions
149
Deep nuclei of cerebellum from lateral to medial
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
150
Purkinje cells exit the cerebellum via what structure
Deep nuclei of cerebellum to contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle
151
What is the only output of the cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cells
152
Ipsilateral proprioceptive information is received via which cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
153
The middle cerebellar peduncle sends input to what cerebellar structure
Contralateral cortex
154
Which cerebellar peduncle is the output for Purkinje cells
Superior cerebellar peduncle
155
Structures that make up the lentiform nucleus
Putamen and globus pallidus
156
Structures that make up the striatum
Putamen and caudate nucleus
157
Which pathway in basal ganglia inhibits movement
Indirect pathway
158
Dopamine binds to which receptors in the indirect pathway
D2 receptors
159
What does binding of dopamine to D2 receptors cause
Inhibition of the inhibitory pathway
160
Inhibitory pathway of basal ganglia
SNc to striatum to GPe to STN to GPi to thalamus
161
What does binding of dopamine to D1 receptors cause
Stimulation of the excitatory pathway
162
Which basal ganglia pathway promotes movement
Direct pathway
163
Direct pathway of basal ganglia
SNc to striatum to GPi to thalamus
164
What is cerebral perfusion primarily regulated by
PCO2
165
What modulates cerebral perfusion in severe hypoxia
PO2
166
What BP and ICP changes decrease cerebral perfusion
Decreased BP or increased ICP
167
What therapy may be used to treat acute cerebral edema secondary to stroke
Therapeutic hyperventilation
168
Mechanism of therapeutic hyperventilation
Decreases PCO2 causing vasoconstriction leading to decreased cerebral blood flow and decreased ICP
169
What does Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) rely on
Gradient between MAP and ICP
170
What happens when CPP = 0
No cerebral perfusion which can lead to brain death
171
When does hypoxemia increase cerebral perfusion pressure
When PO2 < 50 mmHg
172
Artery that supplies the lateral surface of brain
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
173
Artery that supplies the anteromedial surface of brain
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
174
Artery that supplies the posterior and inferior surface of brain
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
175
Watershed zones in the brain are located between what arteries
ACA/MCA and PCA/MCA
176
Severe hypotension can affect watershed zones and cause what symptoms
Upper leg/upper arm weakness and deficits in higher-order visual processing
177
What arteries make up the anterior circulation
ACA, internal carotid, MCA
178
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch of what artery
Vertebral artery
179
Pontine arteries branch off what artery
Basilar artery
180
Anterior spinal artery branches off what artery
Vertebral artery
181
Artery that connects anterior circulation to posterior circulation
Posterior communicating artery
182
Lenticulostriate arteries branch of what artery
MCA
183
The last arteries that branch off the basilar artery
Superior cerebellar arteries
184
The ACA branches off what artery
Internal carotid artery
185
The common carotid artery branches into what arteries
Internal carotid and external carotid arteries
186
MCA is a branch of what artery
Internal carotid artery
187
The anterior choroidal artery branches off what artery
MCA
188
Unpaired artery that is formed from paired vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
189
Unpaired artery that is part of the anterior circulation
Anterior communicating artery
190
Main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations
Superior sagittal sinus
191
Superior sagittal sinus drains into what vessel
Confluence of sinuses
192
What two veins drain into the straight sinus
Great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus
193
The confluence of sinuses drains into what vein
Transverse sinus
194
The transverse sinus drains into what vein
Sigmoid sinus
195
The sigmoid sinus passes through what and becomes what
Jugular foramen to become internal jugular vein
196
Presents with headache, swollen eyes, impairment of ocular nerves, Horner's syndrome, CN V1 and V2 sensory loss
Cavernous sinus syndrome
197
Connects lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle
Interventricular foramina of Monro
198
Connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
199
Paired lateral canals connecting 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space
Foramina of Luschka
200
Unpaired medial canal connecting 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space
Foramen of Magendie
201
What makes CSF
Ependymal cells of choroid plexus
202
What reabsorbs CSF
Arachnoid granulations
203
Decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granulations leading to increased ICP with dilation of all ventricles in CT
Communicating hydrocephalus
204
Structural blockage of CSF flow within ventricles with dilation above blockage
Non-communicating hydrocephalus
205
CNs located above pons
CNs I, II, III, IV
206
CNs located in the pons
CNs V, VI, VII, VIII
207
CNs located in the medulla
CNs IX, X, XI, XII
208
CNs located medially
CNs III, IV, VI, XII (factors of 12)
209
Pineal gland function
Melatonin secretion, circadian rhythms
210
Superior colliculi function
Conjugate vertical gaze center
211
Inferior colliculi function
Auditory
212
Location of pineal gland
Midline above superior colliculi
213
Location of colliculi
Midline above superior cerebellar peduncles
214
CN nuclei located in midbrain
CN nuclei III, IV
215
CN nuclei located in pons
CN nuclei V, Vi, VII, VIII
216
CN nuclei located in medulla
CN nuclei IX, X, XII
217
CN nuclei located in spinal cord
CN nucleus X
218
Anterior cranial fossa
Cribriform plate
219
Middle cranial fossa
Optic canal, Superior orbital fissure, Foramen Rotundum, Ovale, Spinosum
220
Posterior cranial fossa
Internal auditory meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum
221
Structures exit cribriform plate
CN I
222
Structures exit optic canal
CN II, ophthalmic artery
223
Structures exit superior orbital fissure
CNs III, IV, V(1) and VI
224
Structures exit foramen rotundum
CN V(2)
225
Structures exit foramen ovale
CN V(3)
226
Structures exit foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
227
Structures exit internal auditory meatus
CNs VII, VIII
228
Structures exit jugular foramen
CNs IX, X, XI, jugular vein
229
Structures exit hypoglossal canal
CN XII
230
Structures exit foramen magnum
Brainstem, spinal roots CN XI, vertebral arteries
231
Only CN without thalamic relay to cortex
CN I
232
CN III muscles innervated for eye movement
Superior rectus, Inferior rectus, Medial rectus, Inferior oblique
233
CN III muscle innervated for eyelid opening
levator palpebrae
234
CN that controls pupillary constriction
CN III
235
Muscle that controls pupillary constriction
Sphincter pupillae
236
Actions controlled by CN III
Eye movement, pupillary constriction, accommodation, eyelid opening
237
Muscle controlled by CN IV
Superior oblique
238
CN V motor function
Mastication
239
CN V sensory function
Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular facial sensation
| Sensation anterior 2/3 of tongue
240
CN VI function
Motor to lateral rectus
241
CN VI motor function
Facial movement, eyelid closing, stapedius
242
CN VII sensory function
Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
243
CN VII parasympathetic function
Lacrimation, salivation
244
Salivary glands innervated by CN VII
Submandibular and sublingual glands
245
Eye muscles innervated by CN VII
Orbicularis oculi
246
Function of stapedius muscle
Modulate auditory volume
247
CN VIII function
Hearing, balance
248
CN IX sensory function
Taste and sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue
249
CN IX motor function
Elevate pharynx/larynx, swallowing,
250
CN IX parasympathetic function
Salivation, monitoring carotid body and sinus chemo and baroreceptors
251
Salivary gland innervated by CN IX
Parotid gland
252
Oropharynx muscle innervated by CN IX
Stylopharyngeus
253
CN XI function
Head turning, shoulder shrugging
254
Muscles innervated by CN XI
Trapezius, SCM
255
CN XII function
Tongue movement
256
Function of nucleus solitarius
Visceral sensory information like taste, baroreceptors, and gut distention
257
CNs found in nucleus solitarius
CNs VII, IX, X
258
Function of nucleus ambiguus
Motor innervation to pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
259
CNs found in nucleus ambiguus
CNs IX, X, XI
260
Function of dorsal motor nucleus
Sends autonomic fibers to heart, lungs, upper GI
261
CNs in dorsal motor nucleus
CN X
262
Afferent CN for corneal reflex
CN V(1)
263
Efferent CN for corneal reflex
CN VII temporal branch - orbicularis oculi
264
Afferent CN for lacrimation
CN V(1)
265
Efferent CN for lacrimation
CN VII
266
Sensory receptor for jaw jerk reflex
Muscle spindle from masseter
267
Afferent CN for jaw jerk reflex
CN V(3)
268
Motor muscle for jaw jerk reflex
Masseter
269
Efferent CN for jaw jerk reflex
CN V(3)
270
Afferent CN for pupillary reflex
CN II
271
Efferent CN for pupillary reflex
CN III
272
Afferent CN for gag reflex
CN IX
273
Efferent CN for gag reflex
CN X
274
Muscles that close jaw
Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid
275
Muscles that open jaw
Lateral pterygoid
276
CN that innervates muscles of mastication
CN V3 (mandibular division)
277
Total number of spinal nerves
31
278
Number of cervical nerves
8
279
Number of thoracic nerves
12
280
Number of lumbar nerves
5
281
Number of sacral nerves
5
282
Number of coccygeal nerves
1
283
Spinal nerves C1-C7 exit how
Above corresponding vertebra
284
How does C8 spinal nerve exit
Below C7 and above T1 vertebrae
285
How do spinal nerves T1 and below exit
Below its corresponding vertebra
286
Absent ankle reflex is caused by compression of what spinal nerve
S1
287
In adults, at what spinal level does spinal cord end
L1-L2
288
To what spinal level does the subarachnoid space extend to
Lower border of S2
289
At what level is lumbar puncture usually performed
Between L3-L4 or L4-L5
290
At what spinal level is the cauda equina
Between L3 to L5
291
Function of Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
Pressure, vibration, fine touch, proprioception
292
Part of dorsal column for lower body and legs
Fasciculus gracilis
293
Which spinal tracts are ascending
Dorsal column, lateral spinothalamic, and anterior spinothalamic tract
294
Part of dorsal column for upper body and arms
Fasciculus cuneatus
295
Spinal level that corresponds to Fasciculus cuneatus
T6 and above
296
Spinal tract for pain ant temperature
Spinothalamic tract
297
Spinal tract for crude touch and pressure
Anterior spinothalamic tract
298
Spinal tract for voluntary motor
Lateral and anterior corticospinal tract
299
Somatotopic arrangement of lateral corticospinal and spinothalamic tract
Legs are lateral
300
Somatotopic arrangement of dorsal columns
Arms outside with legs inside
301
What type of fibers are found in the intermediate horn
Sympathetic fibers
302
At what spinal level is the intermediate horn located
T1 to L2/L3
303
How do Dorsal column fibers ascend
Ipsilaterally
304
Location of cell body of first neuron in Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
Dorsal root ganglion
305
Location of first synapse of Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
Nucleus gracilis - for fibers below T6
| Nucleus cuneatus - for fibers T6 and above
306
How do fibers ascend in Dorsal column-medial lemniscus after first synapse
Ipsilaterally in medulla
307
Location of decussation in Dorsal column tract
Decussates in medulla
308
How do fibers ascend in Dorsal column after decussation
Contralaterally in in medial lemniscus
309
Where do fibers from Dorsal column-medial lemniscus terminate
In VPL of thalamus
310
Where do fibers from VPL of thalamus terminate
Sensory motor cortex
311
What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract
Sense pain and temperature
312
What sensory nerve endings are associated with lateral spinothalamic tract
A-delta and C fibers
313
Location of cell body of first neuron in lateral spinothalamic tract
Dorsal root ganglion
314
Location of first synapse in lateral spinothalamic tract
Ipsilateral gray matter in spinal cord
315
Location of decussation of the lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior white commissure
316
How do fibers from the lateral spinothalamic tract ascend after decussation
Contralaterally in spinal cord
317
Where do fibers terminate after decussation in the lateral spinothalamic tract
VPL of thalamus
318
Which spinal tracts are descending
Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
319
Function of lateral corticospinal tract
Voluntary movement of contralateral limbs
320
Location of cell body of first neuron in lateral corticospinal tract
Primary motor cortex
321
Path fibers descend from first neuron of lateral corticospinal tract
Descend ipsilaterally through internal capsule
322
Location of decussation of lateral corticospinal tract
Caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation)
323
Path fibers descend after decussation in lateral corticospinal tract
Descend contralaterally
324
Location of first synapse of lateral corticospinal tract
Cell body of anterior horn in spinal cord
325
UMN is located where
It is the first neuron in corticospinal tract located in primary motor cortex
326
What is a LMN
Neuron located in anterior horn of corticospinal tract exiting spinal cord and terminating at NMJ
327
Spinal nerves that innervate Achilles reflex
(S1), S2 (buckle my shoe)
328
Spinal nerves that innervate patellar reflex
L3, (L4) (kick the door)
329
Spinal nerves that innervate biceps and brachioradialis
(C5), C6 (pick up sticks)
330
Spinal nerves that innervate triceps reflex
(C7), C8 (lay them straight)
331
Age primitive reflexes typically disappear
1 year old
332
Inhibits primitive reflexes
Mature/developing frontal lobe
333
Cause of loss of inhibition of primitive reflexes
Frontal lobe lesions
334
Abduct/extend arms when startled, and then draw together
Moro reflex
335
Movement of head toward side of cheek or mouth when stroked
Rooting reflex
336
Sucking response when roof of mouth is touched
Sucking reflex
337
Curling of fingers if palm is stroked
Palmar reflex
338
Dorsiflexion of large toe and fanning of other toes with plantar stimulation
Plantar reflex
339
Presence of plantar reflex in adult which qualifies for UMN lesion
Babinski sign
340
Stroking along one side of the spine when infant is face down causes lateral flexion of lower body toward side being stroked
Galant reflex
341
Sensory to posterior half of the skull
C2
342
Sensory to neck (high turtleneck shirt)
C3
343
Sensory to the nipple line
T4
344
Sensory to upper chest bilaterally extending to anteromedial arms ending at wrist
T1
345
Sensory to lateral shoulders down to thumbs
C6
346
Sensory to posteromedial arm including ring and pinky finger
C8
347
Sensory to upper chest bilaterally down anterolateral arms ending at wrist
C5
348
Sensory at the xiphoid process
T7
349
Sensory at the umbilicus
T10
350
Sensory at suprapubic region
T12
351
Erection and sensation of penile and anal zones
S2, S3, S4 (keep the penis of the floor)
352
Sensory at the inguinal ligament
L1
353
Sensory to neck (low collar shirt)
C4
354
Sensory to anterior leg including kneecaps
L4 (Down on ALL 4's)
