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Microanatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what animals have zonary placentae

A

Carnivores, manatees

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2
Q

What degree of placental interdigitation do cats and dogs have

A

Endothelialchorial: no uterine connective tissue intervenes between syntrophoblast and endothelium of maternal vessels (be able to draw this)

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3
Q

What stage are the areas above Henson’s node in

A

Neurlation

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4
Q

What is the diverse migratory cell population that becomes melanocytes, creaniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle among other things

A

Neural crest

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5
Q

The spaces within the lateral plate are enclosed and form what (space between splanchnic and somatic layers)

A

coelom

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6
Q

what degree of placental interdigitation do pigs, cows, and horse have

A

epitheliochorial: fetal and maternal epithelia interdigitate (be able to draw this)

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7
Q

What is restriction

A

options narrowing

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8
Q

What does dermatome become

A

dermis

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9
Q

What does umbilical (mamals)/ allantoic (birds) systems do

A

Oxygen exchange

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10
Q

What do cardinal veins do

A

drain blood from the body of the embryo

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11
Q

What does chorion do

A

Site of gas exchange (white skin like stuff when you make hard boiled eggs just inside of the shell)

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12
Q

Definition of mesenchyme

A

Cells from mesoderm or neural crest that are loosely arranged, tells epithelium what to do, precursor to muscle and connective tissue

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13
Q

What do chorioamniotic folds create

A

amnion and chorion

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14
Q

What does Myotome become

A

skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What is differentiation

A

expression of mature stage

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16
Q

What animals have discoid placentae

A

humans, rodents, insectivores

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17
Q

What does the somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm form

A

Body wall

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18
Q

What animals have diffuse placentae

A

Pigs, horses

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19
Q

What degree of placental interdigitation do primates have

A

Hemochorial: chorion is bathed in the maternal blood (be able to draw this)

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20
Q

What does yolk do to the symmetry of developing animals

A

Reduces symmetry

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21
Q

Why do birds have more yolk

A

No direct contact with mother

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22
Q

in mammals during blastulation, an inner cell mass separates from the trophoblast and creates what

A

blastocoele

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23
Q

What are epigenetic factors

A

Compounds that mark DNA and determine what, where, and when genes should be expressed. (Google: 1 molec bio: 0)

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24
Q

Notochord produces proteins that inhibit ectoderm from becoing epidermis, what does this form

A

neural ectoderm

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25
What is the morula
Mass of blastomeres at 64 cell stage
26
In birds during blastulation, the hypoblast delaminates from the epiblast creating what
Blastocoele
27
What does the mesoderm become
Connective tissue, muscle, cardiac tissue, bones
28
What stage are the areas below Hensen's node in
blastulation
29
What is the outer layer of the blastula
epiblast
30
Definition of morphogenetic movement
movement of cells in early embryo that change shape or form of differentiating cells
31
Definition of embryo
development from fertilization until organs develop
32
What does vitteline system do
To and from yolk, nutrients
33
Gastrulation converts ___ (two things) into ___ (three things)
Hypoblast and epiblast into ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
34
What is the enlarged cranial end of primitive streak known as
Hensen's node
35
Definition of induction
interaction at close range between 2+ embryonic cells with different properties, and one group is altered
36
What does Ectoderm become
Neural tissue and skin
37
What was the point of the Kriegerish (Archer anyone?) experiment with the duck and chicken leg mesenchyme/epithelium
Mesenchyme is what determines what the epithelium becomes
38
What are the two layers of lateral plate mesoderm
somatic and splanchnic
39
What is the purpose of the yolk sac in mammals
serves as nutritive functions via the vitteline vessels in early development, more important in horses
40
Where do the amnion and chorion come from
Somatopleure
41
what determines the morphological pattern of cleavage and the morula
the amount and distribution of yolk in the zygote
42
Where does involution occur during gastrulation to form the primary germ layers
Hensen's node
43
What is teratology
scientific study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations
44
What is primary induction
influence of notochord and prechordal mesoderm on overlying mideline ectoderm causing it to form neural ectoderm
45
what is the precursor to the central nervous system
neural tube
46
What does Endoderm become
respiratory and GI tract
47
What does the yolk sac come from
splanchnopleure
48
What does retinoic acid do
Establish identity of location along cranial-caudal axis
49
What is the trophoderm
another name for chorion
50
What is a congenital defect
Defect present before birth
51
what is a fetus
Development from when organs are created but not completely developed
52
Definition of paracrine factors
Cell chemical signals that act on nearby cells
53
What are three primary germ layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
54
what does sclerotome become
vertebrae, ribs, and scapulae
55
What is the area of contact between fetal and maternal tissues in mammals
Placenta
56
What happens during gastrulation
Primitive streak forms,
57
what is deciduous placenta
Vessels rupture at birth (pig)
58
What degree of placental interdigitation do sheep and goats have
Syndesmochorial: Chorion is in direct contact with uterine connective tissue (be able to draw this)
59
What are the four main things that happen during neurulation
Primary induction, Neural tube closure, formation of neural crest, segmentation of mesoderm into somites
60
What is the allantois
outpocketing of hindgut in between amnion and chorion
61
Definition of critical period
Organ systems become established, inductive interactions occur, organ is most susceptible to disruption
62
In mammals during blastulation, what does the trophoblast do
facilitates absorption of nutrients
63
What is the primitive streak
Cranial to caudal groove of epiblast cells
64
What direction does Henson's node develop during gastrulation
Cranial to caudal
65
What separates branchial archs
pharyngeal pouches (openings of foregut)
66
What is the relationship between branchial arch and aortic arch
Each branchial arch contains a specific aoric arch, cranial nerve
67
What are the three fates of somites
Sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome
68
What do branchial arches form
Major structures of the head
69
What is the inner layer of the blastula
hypoblast
70
What animals have cotyledonary placentae
ruminates
71
What does the amniotic cavity do
provides cushion
72
What stage are the areas at Hensen's node in
gastrulation
73
What is determination
Options closed, fate has been determined
74
What are 3 characteristics of blastulation
1. Cells divisions are asynchronous 2. Blastocoele forms 3. Beginning of cell determination
75
Describe the difference between yolk distribution influence in mammals and birds on the morula
Mammals: uniform distribution of daughter cells Birds: Large amount of asymmetrically distributed yolk, flat embryo
76
Name at least 4 of the 6 shared features of all vertebrate embryo
1. Dorsal hollow neural tube, enlarged rostrally 2. notochord ventral to neural tube 3. Series of paired mesodermal somites 4. Ventral endodermal gut tube 5. Coelom lined by lateral plate mesoderm 6. Ventral heart and bilateral aortic arches that empty into dorsal aorta
77
What is non-deciduous placenta
diffuse and cotylendory, fetal side peels away without hemorrhage (cats, dogs)
78
What does splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm form
circulatory system
79
where does primates extra embryoic mesoderm come from
Trophoblast

Microanatomy (4 decks)

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