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Lung and Thorax > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

pleuropericardial membranes

A

Encloses pericardial cavity as the fibrous pericardium. Separates the pericardio-peritoneal canals from the pericardial cavity. Located superior to developing lungs.

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2
Q

Pleuroperitoneal membranes

A

separates the pericardio-peritoneal canals from the peritoneal cavity. Located inferior to developing lungs. G

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3
Q

4 parts of the diaphragm

A

Pleuroperitoneal membrane, dorsal mesentery of esophagus, myoblasts from lateral body wall and septum transversum

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4
Q

What does intraembryonic ceolem originally derive from?

A

Lateral mesoderm

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5
Q

Somatic mesoderm

A

Forms the parietal pleura

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6
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm

A

Forms the visceral pleura

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7
Q

pericardioperitoneal canals

A

future pleural cavity

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8
Q

Communication between extraembryonic coelem (chorionic cavity) and intraembryonic coelem

A

This is where the midgut herniates out and grows outside of the intraembryonic coelem. Once the IE coelem is big enough to hold all of the contents, it comes back in during week 10 approximately.

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9
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

Together with dorsal mesentery divides the peritoneal cavity into right and left halves. The ventral mesentery gradually regresses so that peritoneal cavity is a continuous space.

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10
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

suspends the foregut, hindgut and midgut into the peritoneal cavity from the posterior abdominal wall.

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11
Q

Location of pericardioperitoneal canal relative to foregut and septum transversum

A

Each canal is lateral to the foregut and dorsal to the septum transversum

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12
Q

What structure is growing into the pericardioperitoneal canals that gives rise to membranous ridges in the lateral wall of each canal?

A

Lung buds

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13
Q

Growth of pleural cavities creates two layers in the body wall:

A

Outer layer forms thoracic wall, inner layer forms the pleuropericardial membranes

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14
Q

Which side of the diaphragm?

A

The right side closes before the left as the myoblast migrate into pleuroperitoneal membranes. This is likely due to the development of the large right lobe of the liver.

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15
Q

respiratory (laryngotracheal) diverticulum (lung bud)

A

A ventral outpouching of endodermal foregut that begins the development of the lungs.

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16
Q

What does the proximal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum form

A

larynx and trachea

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17
Q

What does the distal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum form?

A

The right and left primary bronchial buds

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18
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the lungs

A

Composite of endoderm and mesoderm tissues

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19
Q

What are the endodermal portions of the lung?

A

Epithelial cells of alveoli and mucosal lining of bronchi

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20
Q

What are the mesodermal components of the lung?

A

muscle and cartilage supporting bronchi, visceral pleura covering the lung

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21
Q

Tracheoesophageal septum

A

Formed from tracheoesophageal ridges (folds) that separates the respiratory and GI tract

22
Q

Laryngeal orifice

A

a communication between the pharynx and the respiratory primordium.

23
Q

Embryological derivative of epithelial lining of larynx

A

endoderm of lung bud

24
Q

Laryngeal recanalization

A

Laryngeal ventricles develop and folds of mucous membrane become the vocal cords.

25
Q

What does the epiglottis form from

A

Hypopharyngeal eminence

26
Q

Innervation of the laryngeal muscles

A

Cranial nerve X, Vagus nerve

27
Q

Differentiation of the endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube

A

differentiates into the epithelium and glands of the trachea and pulmonary epithelium

28
Q

Secondary bronchial buds

A

3 on the right side and 2 on the left; these go to the lobes of the lung

29
Q

Tertiary Bronchi

A

about 10 on each side, also known as segmental bronchi

30
Q

Branching of bronchioles after tertiary bronchi

A

Bronchopulmonary segments, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, terminal sacs (primitive alveoli), mature alveoli.

31
Q

Major events in embryonic respiratory development period

A

26 days to 6 weeks, lung bud develops, branching of bronchopulmonary segments, trachea and larynx formed

32
Q

Major events in pseudo glandular period

A

6-16 weeks, Formation of terminal bronchioles. All major elements of lung have formed except those involved in gas exchange

33
Q

Major events in canalicular period

A

16-26 weeks, Terminal bronchiole divides into respiratory bronchioles, respiratory vasculature develops, lung epithelium differentiates into specialized cells, respiration is possible at the end of this period. There is a blood air barrier for gas exchange

34
Q

Major events of saccular period

A

26-36 weeks, Respiratory bronchioles subdivide to produce terminal sac, type Ii pneumocytes secrete pulmonary surfactant, blood-air barrier is finished

35
Q

Alveolar

A

36 weeks +, Alveoli and gas exchange structures mature

36
Q

Which cells produce pulmonary surfactant

A

Type II alveolar cells

37
Q

SP-B and SP-C

A

Hydrophobic proteins that play a major role in surface-active properties of surfactant

38
Q

SP-A and SP-D

A

Hydrophilic proteins that are important for host defense, immunomodulation and surfactant clearance and metabolism

39
Q

Esophageal Atresia

A

Blind esophagus

40
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

A

Abnormal connection between tracheal and esophageal lumen, results from failure of tracheoesophageal folds to completely fuse.

41
Q

VACTERL Association

A

Vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal anomalies, Limb anomalies

42
Q

Most common type of TEF

A

Type C

43
Q

Least symptomatic type of TEF

A

Type H

44
Q

Diagnostic criteria for TEF

A

polyhydramnios+clinical presentation+chest x-ray

45
Q

RDS cause

A

insufficient surfactant production

46
Q

Causes of pulmonary hypoplasia

A

Oligohydramnios, CDH

47
Q

Causes for oligohydramnios

A

renal agenesis, or premature rupture and leakage of amniotic fluid

48
Q

Potter’s Sequence

A

various abnormalities resulting from oligohydramnios

49
Q

Most common type of CDH

A

posterolateral Bochdalek hernia

50
Q

Causes of CDH

A

defective formation and/or fusion of pleuroperitoneal membranes with the other three parts of the diaphragm

51
Q

Aorticopulmonary Septum

A

Creates two outflow paths through aorta and pulmonary trunk

Lung and Thorax (4 decks)

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