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(4) Head & Neck - Sessions > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the general organisation of each Pharyngeal Arch.

A
  • Ectoderm covering
  • Mesenchyme core
  • Endoderm lining
  • Each has associating cartilage, artery, nerve
  • Pharyngeal Clefts separate each arch externally
  • Pharyngeal Pouches separate each arch internally
  • Pharyngeal membrane between clefts and pouches
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2
Q

Describe the structure of the Neural Tube and their derivates in terms of brain.

A
  • Prosencephalon -> Forebrain
  • Mesencephalon -> Midbrain
  • Rhombencephalon -> Hindbrain
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3
Q

List the derivates of 1st Pharyngeal Arch in terms of the associating:

  • Nerve
  • Artery
  • Cartilage
A
  • N: CN V Trigeminal
  • A: disappears
  • C: Meckel’s Cartilage -> template of Mandible & Malleus & Incus
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4
Q

List the derivates of 2nd Pharyngeal Arch in terms of the associating:

  • Nerve
  • Artery
  • Cartilage
A
  • N: CN VII Facial
  • A: disappears
  • C: Reichert’s Cartilage -> Stapes & Styloid Process of Temporal Bone & Upper Hyoid Bone
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5
Q

List the derivates of 3rd Pharyngeal Arch in terms of the associating:

  • Nerve
  • Artery
  • Cartilage
A
  • N: CN IX Glossopharyngeal
  • A: Internal Carotid Arteries
  • C: Lower Hyoid Bone
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6
Q

List the derivates of 4th Pharyngeal Arch in terms of the associating:

  • Nerve
  • Artery
  • Cartilage
A
  • N: Superior Laryngeal Br of CN X Vagus
  • A: Brachiocephalic Trunk (right) & Aortic Arch (left)
  • C: Epiglottis & Laryngeal cartilages (together with 6th Pharyngeal Arch)
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7
Q

List the derivates of 6th Pharyngeal Arch in terms of the associating:

  • Nerve
  • Artery
  • Cartilage
A
  • N: Recurrent Laryngeal Br of CN X Vagus
  • A: Pulmonary Trunk
  • C: Epiglottis & Laryngeal cartilages (together with 4th Pharyngeal Arch)
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8
Q

Describe the development of the associated arteries of Pharyngeal Arch, hence their relationships with Vagus Nerve.

A
  • Aortic Sinus associated to 4th Pharyngeal Arch develop asymmetrically
  • Right: Brachiocephalic Trunk
  • Left: Aortic Arch
  • R. Recurrent Laryngeal Br. hooks under Brachiocephalic Trunk
  • L. Recurrent Laryngeal Br. hooks under Aortic Arch
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9
Q

Which side of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve is more likely to be damaged? Why and how? What symptoms may it cause?

A
  • Left, due to asymmetric development of 4th Pharyngeal Arch
  • Left arch -> Aortic Arch (whereas right arch -> Brachiocephalic Trunk)
  • Aortic Arch Aneurysm
  • Enlarged Mediasternal Lymph Nodes
  • Brachial/Oesophageal Carcinoma
  • Mitral Stenosis -> Enlarged left ventricle -> lifted Pulmonary Trunk
  • Compression on Recurrent Laryngeal N -> Vocal Cord paralysis -> hoarseness in voice
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10
Q

Describe the artery derivates of each Pharyngeal Arch.

A
  • 1st & 2nd: disappear
  • 3rd: Internal Arteries
  • 4th: (right) Brachiocephalic Trunk & (left) Aortic Arch
  • 6th: Pulmonary Trunk
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11
Q

Describe the nerve derivates of each Pharyngeal Arch.

A
  • 1st: CN V Trigeminal
  • 2nd: CN VII Facial
  • 3rd: CN IX Glossopharyngeal
  • 4th: Superior Laryngeal Br. of CN X Vagus
  • 6th: Recurrent Laryngeal Br. of CN X Vagus
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12
Q

Describe the cartilage derivates of each Pharyngeal Arch.

A
  • 1st: Meckel’s Cartilage -> template of Mandible & Malleus & Incus
  • 2nd: Stapes & Styloid process of Temporal Bone & Upper Hyoid Bone
  • 3rd: Lower Hyoid Bone
  • 4th & 6th: Laryngeal cartilages & Epliglottis
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13
Q

Describe the derivates of each Pharyngeal Cleft.

A
  • 1st: External Acoustic Canal

- 2nd: covers all other clefts -> Cervical Sinuses -> obliterate

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14
Q

Describe the derivates of each Pharyngeal Pouch.

A
  • 1st: Eustachian Tube & Tympanic Cavity
  • 2nd: Palatine Tonsils
  • 3rd: Thymus & dorsal: Superior Parathyroid gland
  • 4th: Thyroid C cells & dorsal: Superior Parathyroid gland
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15
Q

What are Cervical Sinuses? What happens to them during embryology development? What may the failure of this development cause?

A
  • 2nd Pharyngeal cleft covers clefts of 3rd to 6th -> Cervical Sinuses
  • Obliterate in normal situation
  • Failure -> Branchial Cyst/Fistula
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16
Q

Describe the cartilage derivates of each Pharyngeal Arch.

A
  • 1st: Meckel’s Cartilage -> template of Mandible & Malleus & Incus
  • 2nd: Stapes & Styloid process of Temporal Bone & Upper Hyoid Bone
  • 3rd: Lower Hyoid Bone
  • 4th & 6th: Laryngeal cartilages & Epiglottis
17
Q

Describe the main structures that responsible for the development of the face. What structures do them give rise to?

A
  • 1 Stomatodeum -> Buccopharyngeal membrane disappear -> Mouth opening
  • 1 Frontonasal Prominence -> Forehead + Nose + Middle Upper Palate + Philtrum + Upper 4 Incisors
  • 2 Maxillary Prominences -> Cheeks + Lateral Upper Palate and Lip + Upper Jaw
  • 2 Mandibular Prominences -> Lower Lip and Jaw
18
Q

Describe briefly the development of nose.

A
  • Nasal Placodes appear on FNP

- FNP sinks -> Nasal Pits + Medial and Lateral Nasal Prominences + Nasal Septum

19
Q

Describe briefly the development of eyes.

A
  • Forebrain grows outward -> in contact with Optic Placode -> Lens
  • Facial prominences push eyes upwards and medially
20
Q

What is Neurulation? What important structure does it form, that responsible for development of special sense organs.

A
  • Notochord directs overlying Ectoderm to become Neuroectoderm -> thickens & folds -> Neural Tube
  • Cells at lateral Neural Tube (Neural crest) migrate into Mesoderm -> Neural Placodes
21
Q

Why is drinking alcohol dangerous to foetal development?

A
  • Freely transports across Placenta
  • Toxic to Neural Crests
  • Influence development of Special sense organs
22
Q

Describe briefly, the separation between nasal and oral cavities.

A
  • Fusion between each Medial Nasal Prominence & each Maxillary Prominence -> Intermaxillary Segment -> Primary Palate
  • 2 Maxillary Prominences -> 2 Palatal Shelves
  • Fusion of 2 Palatal Shelves & Nasal Septum -> Definite Palate
23
Q

How does Lateral Cleft Lip happen?

A

Failure of fusion between Maxillary Prominence & Medial Nasal Prominence on one side

24
Q

How does Cleft Lip and Palate happen?

A

Failure of fusion between Palatal Shelves & Maxillary Prominence & Medial Nasal Prominence on one side

25
Q

What is Intermaxillary Segment? List some derivates of it.

A
  • Fusion between each Medial Nasal Prominence & each Maxillary Prominence
  • Intermaxillary Segment -> Primary Palate & Upper 4 Incisors & Philtrum
26
Q

How does a baby with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome commonly present?

A
  • Smooth philtrum
  • Thin upper lip
  • Growth & mental retardation
27
Q

Describe the embryonic origin of the Posterior Pituitary Gland.

A

A down-growth of the Diencephalon in the midline = the Infundibulum -> extends towards Oral cavity & connected with the brain via Pituitary Stalk

28
Q

Describe the embryonic origin of the Anterior Pituitary Gland.

A

Up-growing of the oral cavity forms Raiketh Pouch -> wraps Pituitary Stalk -> Anterior Pituitary

29
Q

Describe the embryonic origin of the Hypothalamus.

A

The part of Diencephalon giving Infundibulum = a down-growth in midline gives rise to Posterior Pituitary Gland

30
Q

Where do the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary glands locate?

A

Pituitary Fossa/Sella Turcica of Sphenoid bone

31
Q

Describe how the Pharyngeal arches responsible for the development of the tongue.

A
  • 1st -> Lateral swellings & Tuberculum Impar -> Lateral overtakes
  • 2nd & 3rd -> Cupola -> 3rd arch overtakes
  • 4th -> Epiglottal swelling
  • Extensive degeneration of the arches -> drops the Tongue (except the Ligual Frenulum)
32
Q

Describe how the Pharyngeal arches responsible for the innervation of the tongue.

A
  • 1st -> Lingual br. of Mandibular (CN Viii) -> general sensory of anterior 2/3
  • 3rd -> Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) -> general sensory of posterior 1/3
  • 2nd -> Chorda Tympani (CN VII) -> hjks Lingual N (CN Viii) -> taste of anterior 2/3
  • 3rd -> Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) -> taste of posterior 1/3
  • Migration of myogenic cells from Hypoglossal N -> motor
33
Q

Describe the embryonic origin of the Thyroid Gland.

A
  • Expansion of mesenchyme between Tuberculum Impar & Cupola at floor of pharynx
  • Bifurcates & bi-lobes connected by Isthmus
  • Bi-lobes descend & connected to the tongue by Thyroglossal Duct
34
Q

What could be a non-canceous and painless swelling inferior to the Hyoid bone?

A

Thyroglossal cyst as the Thyroid gland descends down from the pharynx during embryonic development

35
Q

Why may a parathyroid gland be found within the Thymus?

A
  • The Thymus derived from 3rd pouch ventrally
  • The Superior & Inferior Parathyroid glands derived from 4th & 3rd pouch respectively
  • The 3rd pouch descends and passes over the 4th, forming the Inferior Parathyroid

(4) Head & Neck - Sessions (11 decks)

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