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(4) Head & Neck - Sessions > (2.2) Lymphatics > Flashcards

(2.2) Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

Describe an overview of the lymphatic drainage system.

A

Lymphatic capillaries -> Afferent Lymphatic Vessels -> Lymph Nodes -> Efferent Lymphatic Vessels -> Lymphatic Trunks -> Collecting Ducts -> Subclavian Veins

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2
Q

Describe the structures within a lymph node.

A
  • Afferent lymphatic vessels going in & Efferent lymphatic vessel going out
  • Lymphatic sinuses
  • Parenchyma = Cortex (outer) & Paracortex (middle) & Medulla (centre)
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3
Q

What are the roles of lymph nodes?

A
  • Phagocytic cells act as a filter of micro-organisms and particles
  • Antigen presenting to activate adaptive and innate immune system
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4
Q

Name 2 Primary Lymph organs.

A
  • Bone marrow

- Thymus (under sternum)

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5
Q

Name some Secondary lymph organs. Suggest some places where they can be found.

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphoid follicles
  • Tonsils
  • MALTs
  • GALTs (Adenoid, Peyer’s patches)
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6
Q

Suggest some places where there is a high concentration of lymph nodes.

A
  • Head and Neck
  • Axilla
  • Groin
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7
Q

What cells can be found in the 3 layers of a parenchyma of a lymph node?

A
  • Cortex: B cells
  • Paracortex: T cells & activated B cells
  • Medulla: Macrophages & Plasma cells & B memory cells
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8
Q

How do you distinguish a Lymphadenopathy caused by an infection and a malignancy anatomically? What symptoms do they both cause?

A
  • Infection: tender & smooth
  • Malignancy: non-tender & craggy
  • Sore throat & Dysphagia
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9
Q

What is the most common malignancy in head and neck? What symptoms does it cause?

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Sore throat
  • Dysphagia
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10
Q

What is the most common virus cause of Glandular fever? What symptoms does it cause?

A
  • Epstein Barr Virus
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Sore throat
  • Dysphagia
  • Fever & fatigue
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11
Q

Describe the organisation and drainage of the lymph nodes in H&N.

A
  • Regional group x12 groups
  • Terminal group x3 groups
  • All lymph nodes drain into Jugular Trunks either directly or via Terminal lymph nodes
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12
Q

Give some examples of the regional lymph nodes.

A
  • Occipital
  • Post-auricular (Mastoid)
  • Pre-auricular (Parotid)
  • Buccal (Facial)
  • Submental
  • Submandibular
  • Anterior & Posterior Cervical
  • Superficial Cervical - along the External Jugular Vein
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13
Q

What are the three groups of Terminal Lymph Nodes? Where are they found?

A
  • Internal Jugular
  • Supraclavicular
  • Spinal Accessory
  • Found along the Internal Jugular Vein e.g. deep within Carotid Sheath
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14
Q

Tonsillitis causes lymphadenopathy of?

A

Lymphadenopathy of Jugulo-Digastric node associated with?

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15
Q

Oral cancer causes lymphadenopathy of?

A

Lymphadenopathy of Jugulo-Omohyoid Node associated with?

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16
Q

Gastric carcinoma causes lymphadenopathy of?

A

Lymphadenopathy of Virchow’s node associated with?

17
Q

Where does the Right Jugular Lymph Trunk drain into? Which areas of the body also drain it?

A
  • Right Lymphatic Duct
  • Right H&N
  • Right Upper Limb
  • Right Upper Trunk
18
Q

Where does the Left Jugular Lymph Trunk drain into? Which areas of the body also drain it?

A
  • Thoracic Duct
  • Left H&N
  • Left Upper Limb
  • Left Upper Trunk
  • The rest of lower trunk & limbs
19
Q

Which areas of the body drain into Thoracic Duct? Where does it then drain into?

A
  • Left H&N
  • Left Upper Limb
  • Left Upper Trunk
  • The rest of lower trunk & limbs
  • Left Subclavian/Brachiocephalic Vein at Left Venous Angle
20
Q

Which areas of the body drain into Right Thoracic Duct? Where does it then drain into?

A
  • Right H&N
  • Right Upper Limb
  • Right Upper Trunk
  • Right Subclavian Vein at Right Venous Angle
21
Q

How long is the Left Jugular Lymph Trunk?

A
  • 38-45cm, whereas the right is only 1cm
22
Q

What is lymph? What is it called if the drainage comes from the intestines?

A
  • An interstitial fluid that conduit between blood and cells

- Chyle

23
Q

Suggest how may an infection in the scalp spread to the skull and intracranial structures?

A
  • The scalp drains into intracranial Dural Venous Sinuses via valveless Emissary veins
  • The skull drains into intracranial Dural Venous Sinuses via valveless Diploic veins
  • The Dural Venous Sinuses provide connections to them
24
Q

What is a Malar flush?

A

Redness on the skin covering Zygomatic bone, indicating various conditions e.g.

  • Fevers e.g. TB infection
  • Mitral Stenosis
  • Systemic Lupus Disease

(4) Head & Neck - Sessions (11 decks)

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