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CPR Midterm > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

when does vascular sys develop in embryo

A

3rd week

no longer able to satisfy nutritional requirements by diffusion from mother

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2
Q

day #?: heart tube formed

A

21 days

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3
Q

day #?: folding of heart in embryo

A

22 days

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4
Q

day #?: looping of heart tube

A

23 days

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5
Q

largest category of human birth defects

A

heart and vascular abnorm

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6
Q

day #?: formation of ventricles

A

40 days

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7
Q

day #?: hematopoiesis and and vasculogenesis

A

17 days

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8
Q

sites of hematopoiesis in gestation

A

(month 1) yolk sac –> liver–>spleen–>bone marrow (birth)

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9
Q

what cells form blood vessels (vasculogenesis)

A

mesoderm cells –> endothelial cells–>vasculogenic cord forms

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10
Q

what regulates endothelial cell differentiation

A

transcription factors: Fox/Hox/Sox

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11
Q

steps in blood vessel proliferation (angiogenesis) (4)

A

1) proliferation of endothelial cells
2) migration
3) sprouting
4) intussusception (splitting)

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12
Q

day #?: extraembryonic blood vessel formation (blood islands)

A

19 days

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13
Q

what shuts help heart in utero to function as “1 chamber” (2)

A

inter-atrial and ductus arteriosus
L atria–>R
pulmonary trunk –> aortic arch
lungs not functioning*

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14
Q

in utero: where in circulatory system is circulation resistance high/low (pulmonary vs systemic?)

A

High: pulmonary system; lungs not functioning*
right side of heart

Low: systemic system; placenta=low pressure
left side of heart

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15
Q

when do shunts in heart close?

A

at birth

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16
Q

after birth: where in circulatory system is circulation resistance high/low (pulmonary vs systemic?)

A

after shunts close:
High: left side of heart (to body)
Low: right side of heart (to lungs)

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17
Q

what induces the development of the cardiogenic field

myocardial morphogenesis

A

transcription factors:
BMP, WNT, NKX
~day 17

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18
Q

what is cardiac jelly

A

~day 22
mesenchyme cells that make up endocardial tube

The gelatinous noncellular material between the endothelial lining and the myocardial layer of the heart

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19
Q

bulbus cordis becomes

A

~day 22
bulbed shaped portion of heart
becomes part of R ventricle blood outflow tract

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20
Q

what cells form the epicardium

A

mesothelial cells on surface of septum transversum

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21
Q

what divides to form the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

truncus arteriosus

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22
Q

what forms the coronary arteries (endothelial lining and smooth muscle)

A

~day 22

outer lay of mesothelial cells migrating from surface of septum transversum to form epicardium

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23
Q

name process that aligns 4 chambers of future heart correctly

A

cardiac looping
~day 23-28
~week4

24
Q

endocardial cushions forms…

A

fuses at midline to form atrioventricular canal
separates L/R ventricle
~28-35 days

25
Q

which vein is oxygenated in early embryo vascular system

A

umbillical vein

26
Q

the sinus venosus becomes

A

the coronary sinus and smooth wall of R atrium and sinus venarum in adult heart

27
Q

in heart looping, how does the bulbus cordis move?

A

caudally, ventrally, to the R

28
Q

in heart looping, how does the primitive ventricle move

A

to the L

29
Q

in heart looping, how does the sinus venosus move

A

dorsally and cranially

30
Q

what is dextrocardia

A

abnorm condition in which the heart is pointed toward the right side of the chest.

31
Q

what separates the common atrium

A

septum primum and secundum

~day 33

32
Q

what openings connect newly divided atrium in fetus

A

foramen ovale and ostium secundum

33
Q

what separates the ventricle in the heart

A

expanding interventricular septum and conus swellings
~week 7
ridges spiral and fuse

34
Q

why is spiral of the conotruncal/ aorticopulmonary septum important inside the truncus arteriosus

A

shunts blood from R ventricle to lungs, and L ventricle to aorta

35
Q

ventricular septal defects

A

Defect: IV septum does not form: in a newborn blood flows from L ventricle to R ventricle

36
Q

what cells form the conotruncal/ aorticopulmonary septum important inside the truncus arteriosus

A

neural crest cells

37
Q

abnormality: transposition of great vessels

A

If Spiral formation in conotruncal septum fails: blood flows from R ventricle to aorta

No oxygenated blood in circulation and newborn dies

If has atrial/ventricle defect some blood can mix and infant can live

38
Q

what forms the ductus arteriosus

A

~8wks
the L 6th aortic arch artery
**ligamentum arteriosum pulls L side of recurrent laryngeal nerve lower than R

39
Q

what later forms the R pulmonary artery

A

R 6th aortic arch

40
Q

which # aortic arch later forms the aortic arch

A

L 4th aortic arch

41
Q

which aortic arch later forms the proximal R subclvian artery

A

R 4th aortic arch

42
Q

what does the 3rd aortic arch later form

A

common and internal carotid arteries

43
Q

what does the embryonic aortic sac become

A

proximal aortic arch and brachiocephalic trunk

44
Q

what embryonic structure later forms the adult common carotid artery

A

3rd aortic arch

45
Q

what embryonic structure later forms the adult aortic arch

A

truncus arteriosus, aortic sac, L 4th arch, L dorsal aorta

46
Q

what embryonic structure later forms the adult pulmonary trunk

A

truncus arteriosus

47
Q

what embryonic structure later forms the adult ligamentum arteriosum

A

L 6th arch

48
Q

what vessel carries oxygenated blood to the fetal heart

A

umbilical vein

49
Q

what does the ductus venosus do in the fetal heart

A

shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver.

50
Q

what does the foramen ovale do in the fetal heart

A

connect L and R atrium

51
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus do in the fetal heart

A

connects the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus’s fluid-filled non-functioning lungs

52
Q

what causes closure of the ductus arteriosus

A

rise in oxygen tension
bradykinin release= smooth muscle contraction

decreased prostaglandins from mother
occlusion from backward flow

53
Q

what adult structure forms from the embryonic ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

54
Q

what adult structure forms from the embryonic ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosus

55
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

small ligament attached to the superior surface of the left pulmonary artery and the proximal descending aorta

fixes the aorta in place

closely related to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

56
Q

abnorm: ductus venosus fails to close after birth

A

intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PSS)

57
Q

what adult structure forms from the embryonic umbillical vein

A

ligamentum teres hepatitis

CPR Midterm (15 decks)

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