Embryology

Question 1

What are the three germ layers

Answer 1

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 2

What are the three primary structures of the development of the vertebral column

Answer 2

Notochord, mesodermal Semites, sclerotomes

Question 3

What is another name for notochord

Answer 3

Chordae dorsalis

Question 4

Where is the notochord derived from

Answer 4

Embryonic mesoderm

Question 5

The notochord extends from the_________ to the _____.

Answer 5

Spheroid bone,coccyx region

Question 6

The notochord represents the beginning of the ________ in all vertebrates

Answer 6

Axial skeleton

Question 7

Where does the notochord first appear.

Answer 7

Narrow median rod of cells between the ectoderm and endodermhat is

Question 8

What is the second step in the notochord process

Answer 8

Notochord then becomes surrounded by secondary mesoderm which becomes converted into the vertebral column

Question 9

What is the last process in the notochord

Answer 9

The notochord disappears but its remnants become the nuclei purposes of the IVD

Question 10

Where are somites located

Answer 10

Greek word meaning body, cuboidal bodies located around neural tube

Question 11

Describe the mesodermal somites

Answer 11

Paired block-like formations lying on each side of the median line

Question 12

What are the three differentiations of the mesodermal somites

Answer 12

myotomes, dermatomes, sclerotomes

Question 13

What is the mesodermal stage marked by

Answer 13

1.mesenchymal condensation of the sclerotomes

Question 14

What is the primordium marked by

Answer 14

Lower half of one sclerotome joins with the upper half of the sclerotome below.

Question 15

Name the three directions that the mesoderm growths during primordium

Answer 15

1. Medically to form the body
2. Posteriorly around the neural tube to form the vertebral arch
3. anterolaterally to form the TP’s and ribs

Question 16

How is the intervertebral fissure formed

Answer 16

Becomes the IVD after mesenchymal tissue is forced into it

Question 17

What are the three stages of vertebral development

Answer 17

Mesodermal, chondrification, ossification

Question 18

When does the chondrification stage start and end

Answer 18

In the 4th week of embryonic development and ends in the 9th week

Question 19

Where in the embryo does it start and what is happening

Answer 19

In the four centers: 2 in the body and 1 in each vertebral arch.
-begins laying down cartilage over the membranous vertebral column

Question 20

When does primary ossification occur in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

Answer 20

Occurs before birth

Question 21

When does the second ossification occur in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 21

After birth

Question 22

Where are the Primary ossification centers in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Answer 22

1. 1 in vertebral body
2. 1 in each vertebral arch (pedicle and lamina)
3. One in each mammillary process

Question 23

Where are the secondary ossification centers in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

Answer 23

1. 1 in each epiphyseal plate of the vertebral body.
2. 1 in the tip of each transverse process
3. 1 in the tip of the spinout process

Question 24

Where are the ossification centers for the primary atlas

Answer 24

1. 1 in vertebral body
2. 1 in each vertebral arch
3. Two in the odontoid process

Question 25

Where are the primary ossification centers for the Axis

Answer 25

1. 1 in the vertebral body
2. 1 in each vertebral arch
3. 2 in the odontoid process

Question 26

Where are the secondary ossification centers for the Axis

Answer 26

1. 1 in the apex of the odontoid process

2. 1 at the bottom of the vertebral body

Question 27

True or false. The Sacrum is a false vertebrae and is a fusion of five bones.

Answer 27

true

Question 28

How are Trabeculae patterns formed

Answer 28

Putting stress on

Question 29

What is the trabecuale pattern

Answer 29

anastomosing bony spicules in Cancellous bone which forms a meshwork on intercoomunicating spaces that are filled with bone marrow.