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CardioVascular > Embryology 2 > Flashcards

Embryology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

New formation of a primitive vascular network

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2
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

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3
Q

How is the aortic sac formed?

A

2 primitive aorta with endothelial heart tube

  • > Endothelial heart tubes fuse to form a single primitive heart tube
  • > 2 ventral sections of primitive aorta fuse to form the aortic sac
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4
Q

From where do aortic branches arise?

A

The Aortic sac, they connect to it on one side and the remaining dorsal section of the aorta at the other.

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5
Q

What embryonic structure becomes the neck?

A

Pharyngeal arches

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6
Q

What do we call the blood and nerve supply of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Pharyngeal arteries & nerves

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7
Q

What becomes of the 1st aortic arch?

A

It dissapears early on but its remnants form part of the maxillary artery, a branch of the external carotid artery

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8
Q

What happens to the 2nd aortic arch?

A

It dissapears entirely early on

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9
Q

Whats the fate of the 3rd aortic arch?

A

The start of the internal carotid artery, therefore its known as the carotid arch

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10
Q

What happens to the 4th aortic arch?

A

The left one becomes the distal part of the aortic arch

The right one forms the right subclavian

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11
Q

What becomes of the 5th aortic arch?

A

It never forms or it does but incompletely and regresses

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12
Q

What happens to the 6th right aortic arch?

A

It becomes the proximal part of the right pulmonary artery

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13
Q

What happens to the 6th left aortic arch?

A

It gives off the left pulmonary artery

Then forms the Ductus Arteriosus connecting aorta and pulmonary trunk, to help bypass the lungs

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14
Q

What is the origin and fate of the ductus arteriosus?

A

The Ductus Arteriosus arises from the 6th left aortic arch.

Within 3 months its obliterated & becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.

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15
Q

What condition arises from regression of the 4th right aortic arch and the right dorsal aorta?

A

An aberrant subclavian artery, the right subclavian has its origin on the left side on the aortic arch instead of the right.
The right subclavian passes behind the oesophagus & trachea which can constrict them

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16
Q

When does a double aortic arch occur?

A

When a second aortic arch forms, on the right. forming a vascular ring round the trachea + oesophagus which can cause breathing and swallowing problems

17
Q

What are the signs of PDA?

A

Increased work of breathing & poor weight gain in the first year
Congestive heart failure with increasing age

18
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aorta, most often in the aortic arch

19
Q

What are the 2 types of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Preductal, which occurs proximal to the ductus arteriosus

Postductal which occurs distal to the ductus arteriosus

20
Q

The vitelline arteries supply the yolk sac, but what do they become in adults?

A

Celiac Artery - Artery of the Foregut
Superior Mesenteric a. - Artery of midgut
Inferior Mesenteric a. - Artery of hindgut

21
Q

Where do the umbilical arteries originate/supply?

A

As paired branches of the doral aorta/

They supply the placenta

22
Q

What happens to the proximal portion of the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

They persist as the internal iliac and superior vesical branches (supplies urinary bladder)

23
Q

What happens to the distal portion of the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

They are obliterated and form medial umbilical ligaments

24
Q

What are the main veins of the embryo and their function?

A

The vitelline veins - Carry blood from yolk sac to sinus venosus
Umbilical Veins = carry oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo
Cardinal veins = drain the body of the embryo

25
Q

What is the adult fate of the vitelline veins

A

They become the portal vein between gut and liver.
The hepatocardiac section of the IVC
Liver Sinusoids
Superior mesenteric vein

26
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

small irregular blood vessels in certain organs

27
Q

What becomes of the right umbilical vein?

A

It degenerates completely before adulthood

28
Q

What happens to the left umbilical vein?

A

It obliterates and becomes the ligamentum teres hepatus or round ligament of the liver.

29
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

A section of umbilical vein shunting blood from the left umbilical vein to the IVC so oxygenated blood from the placenta bypasses the liver.

30
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus in adults?

A

It obliterates and forms the ligamentum venosum

31
Q

What are the cardinal veins and where do they drain to?

A

Anterior, Posterior and Common.

All drain to the sinus venosus

32
Q

What do the cardinal veins become in an adult?

A

The SVC & IVC.

33
Q

Name some venous congenital abnormalities?

A

A double IVC below the kidneys
A complete lack of IVC
The SVC on the left looping under the pulmonary veins and left atrium to reach the right atirum instead of the right.
A Double SVC, one normal and one left (as above)

34
Q

What three things change at birth when the liver and lungs begin functioning properly?

A 
The ductus venosus (helps blood bypass liver) - Becomes ligamentum venosum
Oval foramen (allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation) - Becomes Fossa Ovalis
Ductus Arteriosus (passes any blood that does get to the pulmonary trunk on to the aorta) = Becomes ligamentum arteriosus
35
Q

What are the steps of foetal circulation?

A

Aorta -> Descending Aorta -> Abdominal Aorta -> Common Iliac Artery -> Umbilical arteries -> Placenta -> Umbilical Vein

36
Q

What is commonly associated with PDA?

A

A maternal rubella infection

37
Q

What causes PDA?

A
  • Failure of muscular wall to contract
38
Q

What happens during PDA?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome (low O2)

39
Q

What is the main theory for the cause of aortic coarctation?

A

The Ductus Arteriosus muscle cells are incorporated into the aortic arch and when they contract after birth they constrict the aorta.

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