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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

congenital diaphragmatic hernia is caused by

A

pleuroperitoneal folds not closing and causing abdominal contents to herniate and compress the lungs

-decrease in unilateral breath sounds

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2
Q

potters sequence

A

baby has pulmonary hypoplasia, flat facies, lower limb deformities caused by decreased fetal urine output. - there is also frequent decelerations due to the compression of the umbilical cord from the lack of amniotic fluid

may be due to bilateral renal genesis, ACE inhibitors, or posterior urethral valves

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3
Q

amniotic fluid with an increased level of acetylcholinesterase means what

A

acetylcholinesterase is present in the CSF so if it is leaking into the amniotic fluid during pregnancy this shows that there is an open neural tube defect

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4
Q

neural tube defects occur due to ?

A

failed fusion of the neural plate during the 4th week of development

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5
Q

fusion of the neural plate begins where

A

in the cervical region and migrates cranially and caudally

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6
Q

duodenal atresia results from

A

fialred recanalization of the duodenum die to failure of epithelial call apoptosis

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7
Q

embryonic kidney development begins with the formation of?

A

nephrogenic cord from the urogenital ridge

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8
Q

the nephrogenic cord develops into what 3 systems

A

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

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9
Q

what is the fate of the pronephros

A

it is rudimentary and completely regresses

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10
Q

what is the fate of the mesonephros

A

it regresses in females and becomes the wolffish ducts in males

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11
Q

what does the wollfcan duct create

A

ductus deferens and the epididymis

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12
Q

what is the fate of the metanephros

A

mature upper urinary tract

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13
Q

how the the metanephros develop/mature

A

the metaneprhic diverticulum (ureteric bud) induces the formation of the metanephric blastema

the inductive signals from the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum) and the metanephric blastema drives the differentiation.

**both together are the metanephros

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14
Q

what does the metanephric blastema form

A

glomeruli, bowman space, proximal tubules, loop of hence, and distal convoluted tubules

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15
Q

what does the metanephric diverticulum aka the ureteric bud form

A

collecting tubules, ducts, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters

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16
Q

the beginning go the embryonic stage is marked by _ which establishes

A

gastrulation

establishes: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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17
Q

structures formed from the gastrulation phase regarding to ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are

A

endoderm: Gi tract and lungs

mesoderm: heart, kidneys, spleen

ectoderm: skin and CNS

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18
Q

the CNS develops via neurulation during what weeks

A

3rd and 4th

neural plate forms the ectoderm and the lateral edges (neural folds) migrate and fuse at the midlines

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19
Q

the thymus derives from the _ pharyngeal pouch and its dorsal wings form to fuse _ while the ventral wings from the _

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

inferior parathyroid glands

epithelial structures

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20
Q

the palatine tonsils form from what pouch

A

2nd

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21
Q

the superior parathyroid glands form from what pouch

A

fourth pouch

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22
Q

laryngeal cartilage and muscles develop from what pouch

A

4th and 6th

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23
Q

follicular cells from the thyroid form from what pouch

A

endodermal out pouching between the 1st and 2nd pouch ( so not a pouch derivative)

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24
Q

parafollicular C cells in the thyroid originate from what pouch

A

4th pouch

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25
Q

failure of the processes vaginalis can cause what 2 pathologies

A

indirect inguinal hernias and hydroceles

*both increase in size during the valsalva maneuver

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26
Q

indirect inguinal hernias

A

abdominal organs pass through the deep inguinal ring and is covered by the internal spematic fascia and located lateral to the inferior epigastric blood vessels

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27
Q

direct inguinal hernia

A

protrusion of the abdominal contents through a week wall (hesselbach triangle)

**do not pass through the inguinal canal and they are medical to the inferior epigastric blood vessels

28
Q

hypospadias

A

incomplete fusion of the urethral folds and presents as a ventrally located urethra

29
Q

testicular torsion around the

A

spermatic cord

30
Q

signs of intestinal obstruction

A

abdominal distention and bilious emesis

31
Q

pancreatic duct and bile duct joins and enters the duodenum at the

A

major dudoenal papillae

32
Q

ventral pancreatic bud foregut derivatives

A

unite process and the main pancreatic duct

33
Q

dorsal bud of the pancreas gives rise to?

A

pancreatic tail, body, and head

34
Q

annular pancreas

A

the ventral bud of the pancreas does not rotate completes and surrounds the second part of the duodenum - obstructs the duodenum and pancreatic drainage

if proximal to the major duodenal papilla there would be non billions emesis- distal there will be villioigs vomiting

35
Q

Schwann cells are derived from

A

neural crest cells

36
Q

_ is the phospholipid component of surfactant that increases late in the third trimester and its presence suggests advanced lung maturity

A

phosphatidoglycerol

37
Q

what is phophatidylcholin/lecithin sphingomyelin ration

A

lipid components of surfaces that signify mature surfacts

lecithin/phosphatidylcholin will rise in the third trimester and sphingomeylein will remain low

**L/S >2 = mature

38
Q

what is the lamellar body count

A

these are organelles in the type 2 pneumocystis that store transport and secrete surfactant and is associated with increased surfactant production and lung maturity

39
Q

what is the highest oxygenated blood in the fetal circulation

A

umbilical vein leading to the inferior vena cava (from the ductus venous)

40
Q

uteropelvic junction defect

A

causes unilateral retal hydronephrosis without ureter dilation

failure to recannalise will cause the proximal ureter to become stenotic

(UPJ is where the kidney meets the ureter)

41
Q

vesicoureteral junction

A

where the ureter meets the bladder - obstruction would cause ureter dilation

42
Q

neck mass anterior to the SCM that has purulent drainage

A

branchial cleft cysts that is due to pharyngeal cleft/groove incomplete obliteration

2nd pharyngeal groove cysts —branchial cleft cats

43
Q

melanocytes and Doral root ganglia and sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia are all derived from

A

NCC

44
Q

Homeobox genes (HOX) responsible from

A

DNA sequences that regulate optioning of embryonic structures

45
Q

HOX genes code for _ _ that bind regulator regions on DNA

A

transcription factors

46
Q

mutations in HOX can lead to

A

malpositioned body parts

(syndactyly, supernumerary finger)

47
Q

chromatin cells are derived from

A

NCC (adrenal medulla)

48
Q

cyanotic spells that improve with squatting, prominent right ventricular impulse, systolic murmur is consistent with

A

tetralogy of allot

49
Q

what causes tetralogy of fallout

A

antieror and cephalad deviation of the infindiublar septum results in a misaligned VSD and an overriding aorta

50
Q

in TOF why does squatting improve cyanosis

A

squatting will increase peripheral vascular resistance and afterload which decreases the right to left shutting ability through the VSD

51
Q

transposition of the great arteries

A

failure of spinaling of the aorticopulmonary septum

52
Q

failed endocardial cushion fusion

A

causes ASDs or VSDs

  • left to right shunt
53
Q

neural tube defects are caused by a failure in

A

primary neurulation

54
Q

myelomeningocele

A

portions of the spinal cord within the meningeal sac protrude outtrhough a defective vertebral arch

(cystic mass)

55
Q

myelomeningeoceles are commonly associated with?

A

downward displacement of the hind brain (chiarri II)

56
Q

defects in neuronal migration within the cerebral cortex would lead to

A

lissencephaly or a loss of sulk

57
Q

skeletal muscle is derived from

A

mesoderm

58
Q

pancreatic divisum

A

ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds do not fuse and cause drainage via 2 operate ducts

59
Q

in hirschrungs disease the _ is always involved

A

rectum

60
Q

incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall

A

gastrochicisis

61
Q

patent omphalomesenteric duct vis urachus

A

omphalomesteric: connection between umbilicus and bowel (leakage of stool)

urachus: connection between the umbilicus and bladder (leakage or urine)

62
Q

leukocyte adhesion deficiency is characterized by impaired _ migration

A

neutrophil

detective LAD molecules ( umbilical cord late seperation)

63
Q

deformation

A

mechanical forces alter shape/position of a structure that was developing normally

** club foot

64
Q

disruption

A

destruction of a structure that was previously developing normally

**amniotic band

65
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal organization of cells within a tissue

**skeletal dysplasias

66
Q

malformation

A

defect in organosiesis

***spina bifida or holoprosencephaly

67
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

incomplete forebrain division into 2 hemispheres (prosencephaly)

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