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Cardiovascular System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the Vascular system start to form?

A

In the middle of the Third Week

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2
Q

Where do Progenitor Heart cells lie?

A

EPIBLAST- immediately adjacent to the cranial end of the primitive streak.

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3
Q

What structures derive from the Primary Heart Field(PMF)?

A

The atria
Left ventricle
Most of the right ventricle

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4
Q

What structure derives from Secondary Heart Fields(SHF)?

A

Part of the right ventricle
Outflow tract (conus cordis and truncus arteriosus)

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5
Q

When is the Primary Heart Field formed?

A

Days 16-18

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6
Q

When is the Secondary Heart Field formed?

A

Days 20-21

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7
Q

What is the master gene of left-sidedness?

A

PITX2

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8
Q

What substance results in the expression of PITX2?

A

Serotonin ( 5HT)

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9
Q

What is the laterality pathway ?

A

This pathway specifies the left side of the body and also programs heart cells in the primary and SHFs

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10
Q

Where is the laterality pathway expressed?

A

The pathway is expressed in lateral plate mesoderm on the left side.

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11
Q

Where does the Secondary Heart Field reside?

A

The splanchnic mesoderm posterior to the pharynx

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12
Q

What heart defects can arise as a result of a disruption in the laterality pathway?

A

*Dextrocardia (right -sided heart)
*Ventricular Septal Defects(VSD’s)
*Atrial Septal Defects ( ASD’s)
*Double outlet right ventricle ( DORV- both aorta and pulmonary artery exit via the left ventricle)
*Outflow tract defects

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13
Q

What substance is the cardiac - jelly rich in?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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14
Q

What is the function of the Cardiac Jelly?

A

It separates the myocardium from the endocardium

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15
Q

Which layer of the heart is responsible for the formation of the coronary arteries , including their endothelial lining & smooth muscle?

A

The Epicardium or Visceral pericardium

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16
Q

What is the lengthening process?

A

This lengthening process is essential for normal formation of part of the right ventricle and the outflow tract region and for the looping process.

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17
Q

What issues can develop as a defect in the lengthening process?

A

DORV (both the aorta and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle)
VSD’s
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonary atresia
Pulmonary stenosis

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18
Q

Fill in the blanks.”The Secondary heart field (SHF) is regulated by _____?

A

Neural crest cells that control concentrations of FGFs in the area

19
Q

When does the cardiac tube begin to bend?

A

Day 23

20
Q

When is the cardiac loop completed?

A

Day 28

21
Q

What is the name of the structure which connects the common atrium and the early embryonic ventricle?

A

Atrioventricular canal

22
Q

What are the structures arises from the proximal third portion of the bulbus cordis?

A

Trabeculated part of the right ventricle

23
Q

Fill in the blanks. The _____ of the bulbus cordis will form the will form the outflow tracts of both ventricle.

A

The id portion

24
Q

What structures raised from the distal part of the bulbus corids?

A

Truncus arteriosus

25
Q

What structures do the truncus arteriosus form?

A

Pulmonary Trunk
Arch of the aorta

26
Q

True or False?The junction between the ventricle and the bulbus cordis, externally indicated by bulboventricular sulcus remains narrow. It is then called the secondary interventricular foramen.

A

FALSE!! It is called the PRIMARY/ PRIMITIVE Interventricular foramen.

27
Q

What is an example of a abnormality formed by Cardiac looping?

A

Dextrocardia ( Heart lies on right side instead of left side of thorax)

28
Q

Which proteins secreted by the neural tube normally inhibit heart development?

A

WNT proteins(3a and 8)

29
Q

When is the major septa of the heart formed?

A

27th and 37th days of development

30
Q

What structures are formed from the endocardial cushions?

A

Atrial and ventricular ( membranous part) Septa
The atrioventricular canals
The valves
Aortic and pulmonary channels

31
Q

What is the openingbetween the lower rim of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions called?

A

Ostium primum

32
Q

When does the Intraventricular Foramen close ?

A

At the end of the 7th week

33
Q

What is the difference between the Foramen ovale and the Interventricular foramen?

A

Foramen ovale allowed for bloodflow between the right and left ATRIUM

Interverntricular foramen allowed for blood flow between the right and left VENTRICLES.

34
Q

What is the adult remnant of the Foramen ovale?

A

Fossa ovalis

35
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Complete closure of the interventricular foramen forms ______.”

A

The membranous part of the interventricular septum

36
Q

Fill in the blank. “ Each horn of the sinus venous receives blood from ____, _____ &____”

A

1.Vitelline or the omphalomesenteric vein
2. Umbilical vein
3. Common cardinal vein

37
Q

What are the structures that remain of the left horn after the right umbilical, left vitelline vein and common cardinal vein becomes obliterated?

A

The Oblique vein of the left Atrium (Vein of Marshall)
Coronary sinus

38
Q

When is the Left common cardinal vein obliterated from the left horn?

A

At 10 weeks

39
Q

When is the right umbilical vein and left vitelline vein obliterated from the left horn?

A

During the 5th week

40
Q

What structure is the Superior vena cava formed from?

A

The right common cardinal vein

41
Q

The right vitelline vein gives rise to what structure?

A

Inferior Vena cava

42
Q

What is known as the master gene of heart development?

A

NKX2.5

43
Q

What two substances regulate the expression of NKX2.5?

A

BMP & WNT(inhibition)

Cardiovascular System (10 decks)

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