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embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

spinal cord development time period

A

week 3-6

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2
Q

critical time period of spinal cord development

A

week 3-4

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3
Q

brain development time period

A

week 4- birth

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4
Q

neural tube comes from which germ layer

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

notochord secretes what signal to develop the neural groove

A

shh

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6
Q

when does invagination of the neural plate begin

A

day 18

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7
Q

when is the neural tube begin to close

A

day 22

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8
Q

anterior neural tube closes when

A

day 25

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9
Q

posterior neural tube closes when

A

day 27

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10
Q

what supplement is important for neural tube close

A

folic acid

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11
Q

tail like portion near the end of the neural tube

A

caudal eminence

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12
Q

caudal eminence forms what

A

medullary cord with lumen

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13
Q

medullary cord fuses with the neural tube where, and what is this called

A

in the lumbosacral boundary, this is called secondary neurulation

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14
Q

neuroepithelial cell organization in the neural tube

A

have a basal and apical side

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15
Q

cytodifferentiation within the neural tube proceeds in which direction

A

from apical to basal side

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16
Q

daughter cells of neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube

A

neuroblast and glioblast

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17
Q

what is a glioblast

A

precursor to glial cells

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18
Q

mantle zone/intermediate zone becomes what

A

grey matter of spinal cord

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19
Q

marginal zone is what? and becomes what?

A

axons of cells from mantle zone, and becomes the white matter

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20
Q

ependymal cells in ventricular zone purpose

A

around central canal and sense CSF pressure

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21
Q

alar plates form what

A

sensory neurons

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22
Q

cells near the sulcus limitans form what

A

interneurons

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23
Q

basal plate forms what

A

motor neurons

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24
Q

characteristics of cells in roof and floor plate

A

non-neurogenic signaling centers that do not proliferate

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25
Q

roof plate cells secrete what to the dorsal side

A

BMP/Wnt

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26
Q

floor plate cells secrete what to the ventral side

A

sonic hedgehog

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27
Q

BMPs/wnts on the dorsal side cause differentiation of

A

sensory neurons

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28
Q

Shh on the ventrall side causes differentiation of

A

motor neurons

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29
Q

cells that receive some BMP/Wnt and some shh become what

A

interneurons

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30
Q

when does myelination begin

A

4th month

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31
Q

myelin in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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32
Q

Myelin in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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33
Q

schwann cell myelinated how many neurons

A

1

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34
Q

oligodendrocytes myelinate how many neurons

A

many

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35
Q

nerve fibers below the terminal end of the cord

A

cauda equina

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36
Q

vertebral column and dura lengthen at which rate in comparison to the neural tube

A

more rapidly

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37
Q

threadlike extension of the Pia mater

A

flume terminale

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38
Q

place of medullary cone in adult

A

between L1-L2

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39
Q

place of medullary cone of neonate

A

between L3-L4

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40
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

failure of bony fusion of vertebrae
no displacement of spinal canal contents- asymptomatic
- tuft of air, lipoma, sinus at lumbosacral boundary

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41
Q

more cranial the lack of closure porgnosis

A

more severe

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42
Q

spinabifida meningocele

A

empty cyst present

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43
Q

spina bifida meningomyelocele

A

cyst containing nerve roots
- surgery is necessary

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44
Q

spina bifida with rachischisis

A

exposed contents of neural tube

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45
Q

tethered cord syndrome

A

hypertrophic film terminale, caudal displacement of conus medullaris
- sphincter and gait dysfunction

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46
Q

type 1 chiari malformation

A

herniation of cerebellar tonsils noticed in adolescence or adulthood

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47
Q

type II chiari malformation

A

herniation of cerebller vermis, brain stem, 4th ventricle
- associated with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus
- noticed in childhood

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48
Q

anencephaly

A

cranial neuropore fails to close

49
Q

how to detect anencaphaly

A

elevated alpha fetoprotein levels
ultrasound

50
Q

encephalocele (cranium bifidum)

A

protrusion of a portion of the brain or meninges through a skull defect

51
Q

prosencaphalon is the precursor of what

A

forebrain

52
Q

mesencephalon Is the precursor of what

A

midbrain

53
Q

the rhombencephalon if the precursor of what

A

the hind brain

54
Q

brain stem is composed of

A

mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
mid and hind brain

55
Q

flexure in the midbrain

A

dorsal bend: cephalic flexure

56
Q

bend between spinal cord and hind brain

A

dorsal bend: cervical flexure

57
Q

flexure in the hind brain

A

ventral bend: pontine flexure

58
Q

ventricles of telencephalon

A

lateral ventricles

59
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the 2 hemipspheres and developed weeks 8-22

60
Q

globus pallidus derived from what

A

diencephalon

61
Q

ventricle of diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

62
Q

internal capsule runs where

A

through the basal ganglia

63
Q

corpus striatum is what

A

grey matter from basal ganglia
white matter from internal capsule

64
Q

most of basal ganglia derives from what

A

telencephalon

65
Q

course of internal capsule

A

through midbrain and to hindbrain or to spinal cord
called pyramidal tract

66
Q

cortical neurogenesis is completed by

A

by day 105 (week 15 or 3.5 months)

67
Q

preplate divides to form

A

subplate and marginal zone

68
Q

after differentiating from the neuroepithelium, neuroblasts settle where

A

cortical plate/neocortex

69
Q

intermediate zone becomes what

A

grey matter

70
Q

how do neural blasts reach the cortical plate

A

they bind radial glial cells and “ride” to the cortical plate and build up more superficial to older neuroblasts

71
Q

how to neuroblasts know to get off the radial glial cells

A

they sense Reelin in the cortical plate

72
Q

synaptic exuberence

A

synaptic pruning

73
Q

where is the only place adult neurogenesis occurs

A

hippocampus

74
Q

alar plate of the diencephalon forms what

A

thalamus

75
Q

basal plate of diencephalon forms what

A

hypothalamus

76
Q

inter thalamic adhesion

A

fusion of 2 halves of thalamus

77
Q

pineal body, aka

A

epiphysis

78
Q

pineal gland secretes what

A

melatonin

79
Q

what is the epithalamus

A

pineal body
posterior commisure
habenular commisure

80
Q

development of pituitary gland

A

invagination of upper oral ectoderm to form rathkes pouch to form the anterior lobe, glandular tissue that secretes hormones

81
Q

name of anterior lobe of pitutary

A

adenohypophysis

82
Q

name of posterior lobe of pitutary

A

neurohypophysis

83
Q

posterior lobe of pitutary function

A

neural tissue that releases hormones created by anterior lobe

84
Q

ventricle of the midbrain

A

cerebral aquaduct

85
Q

roof of midbrain

A

tectum

86
Q

floor of midbrain

A

tegmentum

87
Q

another name of cerebral aqueduct

A

aqueduct of sylvius

88
Q

cavity enclosed by rhombencephalon

A

4th ventricle

89
Q

precursor to cerebellum

A

rhombic lip

90
Q

spinocerebellum purpose and defect outcome

A

sensory data for motor coordination
defect: ataxia

91
Q

neocerebellum purpose and defect outcome

A

selective control of limb movements defect: intentional tumor and rigidity

92
Q

basal plate neurons

A

efferent motor

93
Q

alar plate neurons

A

afferent sensory

94
Q

precursor of the epithelial lining of the choroid plexus

A

neuroepithelium

95
Q

stroke of choroid plexus precursor

A

mesenchymal cells

96
Q

tela choroidea

A

thin, highly vascularized, loose connective tissue portion of Pia mater

97
Q

inter ventricular foramen

A

between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle

98
Q

where do neural crest cells arise and what is the name of the process of their development

A

dorsal part of neural tube, EMT

99
Q

types of neural crest cells

A

cranial, vagal, trunk, lumbo-sacral

100
Q

schwannoma

A

benign tumor of Schwann cells- encapsulated and well circumscribed

101
Q

where do schwannomas form

A

around CN VII, VIII and V in the auditory meatus

102
Q

signs of tinnitus

A

unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus

103
Q

neurofibromatosis

A

NF1 mutation that encodes neurofibromas protein- tumor suppressor gene

104
Q

clinical features of neurofibromatosis

A

neurofibromas
café au lait spots
lisch nodules
- all due to neural crest cell origin

105
Q

excess proliferation of chromaffin cells

A

pheochromocytoma

106
Q

result of pheochromocytomas and cure

A

episodic or sustained HTM, surgical resection

107
Q

MEN2 syndrome

A

familial medullary thryoid carcinoma

108
Q

MTC prognosis

A

secretes calcitonin
most are metastatic by diagnosis
must remove throid

109
Q

genes associated with waardenburg syndrome

A

Pax3, MITF

110
Q

signs of warrdenburg syndrome

A

congenital deafness and piebaldism

111
Q

hirschprungs diseases

A

absence of ganglionic plexus, due to absence of caudal migration of vagal neural crest cells
- common in those with trisomy 21

112
Q

signs of hirschprungs disease

A

abnormal colonic dilation or distention

113
Q

defect causing treacher colins

A

TCOF-1 treacle protein mutation
insufficient migration of neural crest cells into 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

114
Q

symptoms of treacher colins

A

hypoplasia of mandible

115
Q

defect causing pierre robins sequence

A

insufficient migration of neural crest cells into the pharyngeal arches

116
Q

clinical signs of Pierre robins sequence

A

U shaped cleft palate
airway and feeding difficulties

117
Q

defect causing DiGeorge syndrome

A

failure of pharyngeal pouches to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid glands

118
Q

signs of DiGeorge syndrome

A

immunodeficiency without the thyus
hypocalcemia without the parathyroid glands

neuro/psych (6 decks)

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