embryology Flashcards
1
Q
spinal cord development time period
A
week 3-6
2
Q
critical time period of spinal cord development
A
week 3-4
3
Q
brain development time period
A
week 4- birth
4
Q
neural tube comes from which germ layer
A
ectoderm
5
Q
notochord secretes what signal to develop the neural groove
A
shh
6
Q
when does invagination of the neural plate begin
A
day 18
7
Q
when is the neural tube begin to close
A
day 22
8
Q
anterior neural tube closes when
A
day 25
9
Q
posterior neural tube closes when
A
day 27
10
Q
what supplement is important for neural tube close
A
folic acid
11
Q
tail like portion near the end of the neural tube
A
caudal eminence
12
Q
caudal eminence forms what
A
medullary cord with lumen
13
Q
medullary cord fuses with the neural tube where, and what is this called
A
in the lumbosacral boundary, this is called secondary neurulation
14
Q
neuroepithelial cell organization in the neural tube
A
have a basal and apical side
15
Q
cytodifferentiation within the neural tube proceeds in which direction
A
from apical to basal side
16
Q
daughter cells of neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube
A
neuroblast and glioblast
17
Q
what is a glioblast
A
precursor to glial cells
18
Q
mantle zone/intermediate zone becomes what
A
grey matter of spinal cord
19
Q
marginal zone is what? and becomes what?
A
axons of cells from mantle zone, and becomes the white matter
20
Q
ependymal cells in ventricular zone purpose
A
around central canal and sense CSF pressure
21
Q
alar plates form what
A
sensory neurons
22
Q
cells near the sulcus limitans form what
A
interneurons
23
Q
basal plate forms what
A
motor neurons
24
Q
characteristics of cells in roof and floor plate
A
non-neurogenic signaling centers that do not proliferate
25
roof plate cells secrete what to the dorsal side
BMP/Wnt
26
floor plate cells secrete what to the ventral side
sonic hedgehog
27
BMPs/wnts on the dorsal side cause differentiation of
sensory neurons
28
Shh on the ventrall side causes differentiation of
motor neurons
29
cells that receive some BMP/Wnt and some shh become what
interneurons
30
when does myelination begin
4th month
31
myelin in PNS
Schwann cells
32
Myelin in CNS
oligodendrocytes
33
schwann cell myelinated how many neurons
1
34
oligodendrocytes myelinate how many neurons
many
35
nerve fibers below the terminal end of the cord
cauda equina
36
vertebral column and dura lengthen at which rate in comparison to the neural tube
more rapidly
37
threadlike extension of the Pia mater
flume terminale
38
place of medullary cone in adult
between L1-L2
39
place of medullary cone of neonate
between L3-L4
40
spina bifida occulta
failure of bony fusion of vertebrae
no displacement of spinal canal contents- asymptomatic
- tuft of air, lipoma, sinus at lumbosacral boundary
41
more cranial the lack of closure porgnosis
more severe
42
spinabifida meningocele
empty cyst present
43
spina bifida meningomyelocele
cyst containing nerve roots
- surgery is necessary
44
spina bifida with rachischisis
exposed contents of neural tube
45
tethered cord syndrome
hypertrophic film terminale, caudal displacement of conus medullaris
- sphincter and gait dysfunction
46
type 1 chiari malformation
herniation of cerebellar tonsils noticed in adolescence or adulthood
47
type II chiari malformation
herniation of cerebller vermis, brain stem, 4th ventricle
- associated with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus
- noticed in childhood
48
anencephaly
cranial neuropore fails to close
49
how to detect anencaphaly
elevated alpha fetoprotein levels
ultrasound
50
encephalocele (cranium bifidum)
protrusion of a portion of the brain or meninges through a skull defect
51
prosencaphalon is the precursor of what
forebrain
52
mesencephalon Is the precursor of what
midbrain
53
the rhombencephalon if the precursor of what
the hind brain
54
brain stem is composed of
mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
mid and hind brain
55
flexure in the midbrain
dorsal bend: cephalic flexure
56
bend between spinal cord and hind brain
dorsal bend: cervical flexure
57
flexure in the hind brain
ventral bend: pontine flexure
58
ventricles of telencephalon
lateral ventricles
59
longitudinal fissure
separates the 2 hemipspheres and developed weeks 8-22
60
globus pallidus derived from what
diencephalon
61
ventricle of diencephalon
3rd ventricle
62
internal capsule runs where
through the basal ganglia
63
corpus striatum is what
grey matter from basal ganglia
white matter from internal capsule
64
most of basal ganglia derives from what
telencephalon
65
course of internal capsule
through midbrain and to hindbrain or to spinal cord
called pyramidal tract
66
cortical neurogenesis is completed by
by day 105 (week 15 or 3.5 months)
67
preplate divides to form
subplate and marginal zone
68
after differentiating from the neuroepithelium, neuroblasts settle where
cortical plate/neocortex
69
intermediate zone becomes what
grey matter
70
how do neural blasts reach the cortical plate
they bind radial glial cells and "ride" to the cortical plate and build up more superficial to older neuroblasts
71
how to neuroblasts know to get off the radial glial cells
they sense Reelin in the cortical plate
72
synaptic exuberence
synaptic pruning
73
where is the only place adult neurogenesis occurs
hippocampus
74
alar plate of the diencephalon forms what
thalamus
75
basal plate of diencephalon forms what
hypothalamus
76
inter thalamic adhesion
fusion of 2 halves of thalamus
77
pineal body, aka
epiphysis
78
pineal gland secretes what
melatonin
79
what is the epithalamus
pineal body
posterior commisure
habenular commisure
80
development of pituitary gland
invagination of upper oral ectoderm to form rathkes pouch to form the anterior lobe, glandular tissue that secretes hormones
81
name of anterior lobe of pitutary
adenohypophysis
82
name of posterior lobe of pitutary
neurohypophysis
83
posterior lobe of pitutary function
neural tissue that releases hormones created by anterior lobe
84
ventricle of the midbrain
cerebral aquaduct
85
roof of midbrain
tectum
86
floor of midbrain
tegmentum
87
another name of cerebral aqueduct
aqueduct of sylvius
88
cavity enclosed by rhombencephalon
4th ventricle
89
precursor to cerebellum
rhombic lip
90
spinocerebellum purpose and defect outcome
sensory data for motor coordination
defect: ataxia
91
neocerebellum purpose and defect outcome
selective control of limb movements defect: intentional tumor and rigidity
92
basal plate neurons
efferent motor
93
alar plate neurons
afferent sensory
94
precursor of the epithelial lining of the choroid plexus
neuroepithelium
95
stroke of choroid plexus precursor
mesenchymal cells
96
tela choroidea
thin, highly vascularized, loose connective tissue portion of Pia mater
97
inter ventricular foramen
between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle
98
where do neural crest cells arise and what is the name of the process of their development
dorsal part of neural tube, EMT
99
types of neural crest cells
cranial, vagal, trunk, lumbo-sacral
100
schwannoma
benign tumor of Schwann cells- encapsulated and well circumscribed
101
where do schwannomas form
around CN VII, VIII and V in the auditory meatus
102
signs of tinnitus
unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus
103
neurofibromatosis
NF1 mutation that encodes neurofibromas protein- tumor suppressor gene
104
clinical features of neurofibromatosis
neurofibromas
café au lait spots
lisch nodules
- all due to neural crest cell origin
105
excess proliferation of chromaffin cells
pheochromocytoma
106
result of pheochromocytomas and cure
episodic or sustained HTM, surgical resection
107
MEN2 syndrome
familial medullary thryoid carcinoma
108
MTC prognosis
secretes calcitonin
most are metastatic by diagnosis
must remove throid
109
genes associated with waardenburg syndrome
Pax3, MITF
110
signs of warrdenburg syndrome
congenital deafness and piebaldism
111
hirschprungs diseases
absence of ganglionic plexus, due to absence of caudal migration of vagal neural crest cells
- common in those with trisomy 21
112
signs of hirschprungs disease
abnormal colonic dilation or distention
113
defect causing treacher colins
TCOF-1 treacle protein mutation
insufficient migration of neural crest cells into 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches
114
symptoms of treacher colins
hypoplasia of mandible
115
defect causing pierre robins sequence
insufficient migration of neural crest cells into the pharyngeal arches
116
clinical signs of Pierre robins sequence
U shaped cleft palate
airway and feeding difficulties
117
defect causing DiGeorge syndrome
failure of pharyngeal pouches to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid glands
118
signs of DiGeorge syndrome
immunodeficiency without the thyus
hypocalcemia without the parathyroid glands
