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Cardiovascular Block KSAUHS > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Cardiogenic Plate located at in the 3rd week

A

at the cranial part of
the trilaminar disc

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2
Q

What is the sequence of forming heart chambers

A

Primitive Blood Vessels → Two
Endocardial Tubes → Single
Endocardial Tube = Primitive Heart
Tube → Cardiac Loop → 4 Primordial
Heart Chambers

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3
Q

At the end of which week the fetal heart forms

A

By the end of the 8th week

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4
Q

Cardiac progenitor cells begin to form

A

in the middle of the 3rd week in the epiblast layer,
lateral to the primitive streak

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5
Q

These cells migrate through the primitive streak to an area that is rostral to the
buccopharyngeal membrane in the

A

splanchnic mesoderm.

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6
Q

The underlying endoderm induces these cells to differentiate into:

A
  1. Blood Islands: consists of precursor blood cells and angioblasts
  2. Myoblasts: will develop into the myocardium
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7
Q

the cardiogenic plate consists of two laterally placed endocardial tubes
surrounded by myoblasts and is
thus referred to as the

A

primordium of the heart

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8
Q

As the neural tube grows and closes, the primordium of the heart will shift
position from

A

rostral to the buccopharyngeal membrane to the thoracic region

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9
Q

The two endocardial tubes fuse to form the

A

primitive heat tube

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10
Q

As the primitive heart tube is forming, angiogenic cells appear on both sides,
close to the midline and will develop into the

A

paired dorsal aortae

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11
Q

At their cephalic end, the paired dorsal aortae bend around the developing
embryo and are attached to the cephalic end of the primitive heart tube
forming the

A

aortic arches

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12
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches will develop sequentially

A

6

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13
Q

The primitive heart tube shifts its
position into the pericardial cavity
which is formed by the

A

intraembryonic cavity

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14
Q

The primitive heart tube is held in
position by the

A

dorsal mesocardium

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15
Q

dorsal mesocardium which will disappear leaving a space
called the

A

transverse pericardial sinus

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16
Q

The myocardium thickens and
secretes an extracellular matrix called
the

A

cardiac jelly

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17
Q

the primitive heart tube has
three layers:

A
  1. Endocardium: the innermost lining
    of the heart
  2. Myocardium: the middle layer,
    which contains muscle cells
  3. Epicardium: the outer lining (or
    visceral pericardium)
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18
Q

The primitive heart tube
consists of 4 subdivisions.
From caudal to cranial the
subdivisions are:

A
  1. Sinus Venosus
  2. Primitive Atrium
  3. Primitive Ventricle
  4. Bulbus Cordis
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19
Q

Sinus Venosus: paired structures which receives three sets of veins:

A
  1. Umbilical Veins: from the placenta
  2. Vitelline Veins: from the yolk sac
  3. Cardinal Veins: from the body of embryo
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20
Q

Primitive Atrium:

A

a single structure continuous with the sinus venosus

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21
Q

Primitive Ventricle:

A

will become the left ventricle
- That part of the endocardial tube between the atrium and ventricle is the
atrioventricular canal

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22
Q

Bulbus Cordis: 1. Caudal 1/3:

A

will become the trabeculated part of the right ventricle

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23
Q

Bulbus Cordis: Middle 1/3:

A

will become the conus cordis which will form the outflow tracts of
both ventricles

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24
Q

Bulbus Cordis: Cranial 1/3:

A

will become the truncus arteriosus, which is continuous with the
aortic arches and will form the roots and first part of the:
a. Aorta
b. Pulmonary trunk

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25
Q

The first heartbeat occurs at

A

22 days

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26
Q

The first heartbeat originates in the

A

myocardium,
forming peristalsis-like waves
beginning in the sinus venosus.

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27
Q

By the end of week ___ coordinated
contractions of the heart results in
unidirectional blood flow:

A

4

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28
Q

What is the route of blood at the end of week 4

A

Blood enters the sinus venous (from
the vitelline, cardinal and umbilical
veins) → the primitive atrium → the
primitive ventricle → the bulbus
cordis → the aortic sac → the aortic
arches → the dorsal aortae for
distributions to the embryo, yolk
sac and placenta

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29
Q

As the primitive heart elongates and grows rapidly, bends and forms the

A

cardiac
loop,

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30
Q

cardiac loop is finished by day

A

28

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31
Q

The cranial end grows

A

ventrally and to the right

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32
Q

The caudal end grows

A

dorsally and to the left

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33
Q

Sinus Vensous Derivatives
Left Horn →

A

the coronary sinus and
oblique vein of the left atrium.

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34
Q

Sinus Vensous Derivatives
Right Horn →

A

the smooth part of
the right atrium (sinus venarum)

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35
Q

The muscular part of the right atrium
(the auricle) is derived from

A

the primitive atrium

36
Q

Sinus Vensous Derivatives
The opening between the sinus venosus and right atrium, called the sinoatrial
orifice, develops into:

A

Right and left venous valve

37
Q

Right venous valve →

A

Valve of inferior vena cava & Valve of coronary sinus

38
Q

Left venous valve:

A

becomes part of the septum secundum

39
Q

The venous valves fuse dorsocranially and form ridge called

A

the septum spurium.

40
Q

The primitive atrium on left side sprouts a pulmonary vein, which branches
and:

A

a. Grows towards the developing lungs
b. The trunk of the pulmonary vein is incorporated into atrium and will become the
smooth wall of the left atrium while the portion derived from the left side of the
primitive atrium retains a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle.

41
Q

The trunk of the pulmonary vein is incorporated into atrium and will become the
____________________ while the portion derived from the left side of the
primitive atrium retains a trabeculated appearance as _________

A

smooth wall of the left atrium
left auricle.

42
Q

why is a continuous communication between left and right sides is maintained to:

A
  1. Permit blood to flow directly from
    the right atrium to the left atrium
  2. Bypass the nonfunctioning lungs
43
Q

Septation of the heart include:

A

A. Formation of the atrioventricular canal
B. Septation of the atrium
C. Separation of the Ventricles
D. Formation of the outflow tracts

44
Q

which week does this happen:
they approach each
other and fuse, dividing the
atrioventricular canal into right
and left canals

A

5

45
Q

The Septum ______
‐ Grows toward the endocardial cushions
‐ Leaving a large temporary opening: the ostium _____
‐ Fuses with the endocardial cushions: closing the ostium ______
‐ The upper part of the septum undergo cell death: the ostium ______

A

The Septum( Primum)
‐ Grows toward the endocardial cushions
‐ Leaving a large temporary opening: the ostium
(primum)
‐ Fuses with the endocardial cushions: closing the
ostium (primum)
‐ The upper part of the septum undergo cell death:
the ostium (secundum)

46
Q

The Septum Secundum
‐ Appears on the _____ of the septum primum
‐ Grows downward to cover the foramen ______
‐ Does NOT fuse with the endocardial cushions:
foramen ______

A

The Septum Secundum
‐ Appears on the right of the septum primum
‐ Grows downward to cover the foramen secundum
‐ Does NOT fuse with the endocardial cushions:
foramen ovale

47
Q

Foramen Ovale
‐ Permits blood flow from ____ atrium to ___ atrium
‐ Opposite flow is prevented by the flap valve
(_______)
‐ After birth, ↑ pressure in the ____ atrium increases
causing → closing the foamen ____ = solid wall
separating the right and left atria
‐ The site of the foramen ovale becomes the _____

A

Foramen Ovale
‐ Permits blood flow from Rt atrium to Lf atrium
‐ Opposite flow is prevented by the flap valve
(septum primum)
‐ After birth, ↑ pressure in the left atrium increases
causing → closing the foamen ovale = solid wall
separating the right and left atria
‐ The site of the foramen ovale becomes the fossa
ovalis

48
Q

interventricular septum:
Consists of two components:
1. A ____ part: endocardial tissue
2. A _____ part: muscular tissue

A

Consists of two components:
1. A membranous part: endocardial tissue
2. A muscular part: muscular tissue

49
Q

After closure:
‐ The right ventricle communicates with ______
‐ The left ventricle with the ____

A

After closure:
‐ The right ventricle communicates with pulmonary trunk
‐ The left ventricle with the aorta

50
Q

Formation of the Outflow Tracts
Partitioned by _________ into
pulmonary and aortic trunks:

A

Partitioned by endocardial cushion into
pulmonary and aortic trunks:

51
Q

What contribute in septum

A

Neural crest cells

52
Q

the membranous part of the interventricular septum

A

The caudal ends

53
Q

The cranial ends →

A

the semilunar
valves

54
Q

In the middle of _____, blood islands
(mesoderm origin)are found in the
following areas:
1. Body of the embryo
2. Chorion
3. Connecting stalk

A

week 3

55
Q

Within each blood island the
peripherally located cells flatten and
give rise to the

A

endothelial cells: the
walls of arteries and veins

56
Q

what circulation develops in the wall of the yolk sac

A

Vitelline circulation:

57
Q

What circulation: gives rise to umbilical vessels delivering blood to and from
the placenta

A

Chorionic circulation:

58
Q

what circulation: circulates blood through the body of the developing
embryo

A

Intra-embryonic circulation:

59
Q

Six pairs of aortic arch arteries:

A
  1. 1
    ST pair → maxillary arteries
  2. 2
    nd pair → the hyoid and
    stapedial arteries
  3. 3
    rd pair→ the common carotids
    and roots of internal carotids
  4. 4
    th pair → contributes to
    subclavian and left to arch of
    aorta
  5. 5
    th pair → completely
    disappears.
  6. 6
    th pair→ the proximal part of
    the pulmonary arteries. The left
    6
    th arch also forms the ductus
    arteriosus
60
Q

Fate of the paired dorsal aortae,

A

the descending aorta (the suprarenal gland, the gonads, and the
kidneys)

61
Q

Fate of the vitelline artery

A

Vitelline arteries → form arteries in the dorsal mesentery that supply the gut (the
celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries)

62
Q

fate of the umbilical arteries

A

Umbilical arteries → the internal iliac arteries and medial umbilical ligaments

63
Q

paired veins drain into the heart at ___
weeks:

A

4

64
Q

The right vitelline vein develops into the

A

hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava,
the portal vein and the superior
mesenteric vein

65
Q

The left vitelline vein

A

disappears

66
Q

which veins Bring oxygenated blood from placenta

A

Umbilical veins:

67
Q

The right umbilical vein

A

disappears

68
Q

The left umbilical vein

A

connects the placenta to the
inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus

69
Q

what veins Drain the head and neck and body wall
of the embryo

A

Common cardinal veins:

70
Q

Anterior cardinal veins: The cranial portion →

A

cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses
and internal jugular veins

71
Q

Anterior cardinal veins: The cervical portions →

A

the left and right brachiocephalic veins

72
Q

The right anterior cardinal vein
and the right common cardinal
vein →

A

the superior vena cave

73
Q

Posterior cardinal veins:

A

Drain the lower body

74
Q

Subcardinal veins:

A

‐ Drain the kidneys, gonads and
suprarenal glands
‐ The right subcardinal vein → the
renal segment (between liver and
kidney) of the inferior vena cava

75
Q

Supracardinal veins:

A

‐ Appear lateral to sympathetic
trunk
‐ In thoracic region→ azygos and
hemiazygos veins
‐ In pelvic region → the pelvic
segment (below kidneys) of
inferior vena cava.

76
Q

Sacrocardinal veins →

A

lower part
of inferior vena cava and
continue as common iliac veins

77
Q

The inferior vena cava develops
from:

A
  1. Right vitelline vein
  2. Right subcardinal vein
  3. Supracardinal veins
  4. Sacrocardinal vein
78
Q

Fetal Circulation

A

Oxygenated blood from the placenta:
umbilical vein → ductus venosum →
inferior vena cava → the right atrium
(mixing deoxygenated and
oxygenated blood):

79
Q

Most oxygenated blood →

A

Most oxygenated blood → the
foramen ovale → the left atrium →
left ventricle → aorta → the fetal
body

80
Q

Most deoxygenated blood →

A

Most deoxygenated blood → the right ventricle → the pulmonary trunk → the ductus arteriosus → aorta (bypassing the non- functioning lungs)

81
Q

Blood is returned to the placenta for
oxygenation via

A

the umbilical arteries

82
Q

The ductus venosus →

A

the ligamentum venosum.

83
Q

The umbilical arteries →

A

the medial umbilical ligaments.

84
Q

The umbilical vein →

A

the ligamentum teres hepatis.

85
Q

The ductus arteriosus →

A

the ligamentum
arteriosum → increased pressure in the
left atrium → closes the foramen ovale

Cardiovascular Block KSAUHS (2 decks)

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