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Respiratory System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the lower respiratory tract start to form?

A

The 4th week

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2
Q

What does the respiratory system start off as?

A

The laryngotracheal groove

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3
Q

How does the respiratory system form?

A

Laryngotracheal groove > Laryngotracheal diverticulum (lung bud) > Respiratory bud > Trachea and Bronchial buds

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4
Q

What does the laryngeal cartilage derive from?

A

Mesenchyme from the neural crest cells

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5
Q

What does the larynx develop from?

A

The cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube

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6
Q

What does the epiglottis form from?

A

The caudal part of the hypopharyngeal eminence

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7
Q

What are the cartilage, connective tissue and muscles of the trachea derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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8
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

It is an abnormal connection between the oesophagus and the trachea

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9
Q

What causes a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Incomplete seperation and/or atresia of the trachea or esophagus

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10
Q

What does the diaphragm develop from?

A

The septum transversum, the pleuroperitoneal folds, muscles from the dorso-lateral body wall and esophagus mesentery

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11
Q

What is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)?

A

It is when abnormal contents herniate into the pleural cavities and interfere with lung development

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12
Q

What causes congenital diaphragmatic hernias?

A

Failure of the pleuroperitoneal membranes to close the pleuroperitoneal canals

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13
Q

What are the pleuroperitoneal canals?

A

Openings on the left and right side of the septum transversum

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14
Q

How do the bronchi develop?

A

Lung bud > primary bronchial buds > secondary and tertiary bronchial buds

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15
Q

What are the numbers of the segmental bronchi?

A

10 in the right lung and 8/9 in the left lung

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16
Q

What are the segmental bronchi?

A

They form the primordia of the bronchopulmonary segments

17
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the parietal and visceral pleura

18
Q

What are the stages of lung development?

A

Pseudoglandular stage > Canalicular Stage > Terminal Sac Stage > Alveolar Stage

19
Q

What marks the pseudoglandular stage of lung development?

A

All major elements have formed except those involved in gas exchange

20
Q

Is respiration possible in the pseudoglandular stage of lung development?

A

No, no respiratory bronchioles or alveoli are present

21
Q

What marks the canalicular stage of lung development?

A

Vascularisation of the lung tissue and the formation of primordial alveolar ducts

22
Q

Is respiration possible during the canalicular stage of lung development?

A

Yes, but the respiratory system is still immature, so intensive care is needed

23
Q

What marks the terminal sac stage?

A

The respiratory system matures and pneumocytes are present

24
Q

Is respiration possible during the terminal sac stage?

A

Yes, this is the stage just before birth

25
Q

What marks the alveolar stage?

A

The lungs are capable of respiration because the aleveolocapillary membrane is sufficiently thin to allow gas exchange

26
Q

What is required for the transition to autonomous gas exchange?

A
  1. Production of surfactant in the alveolar sacs
  2. Transformation of the lungs from the secretory organs in to organs capable of gas exchange
  3. Establishment of parallel pulmonary and systemic organs
27
Q

When is alveolar development mostly completed?

A

3 years of age

28
Q

How is fluid in the lungs cleared?

A
  1. Through the mouth and nose by pressure on the fetal thorax during vaginal delivery
  2. Into the pulmonary capillaries, arteries and veins
  3. Into the lymphatics
29
Q

From what embryonic structure does the bronchial cartilage derive?

A

The mesoderm

30
Q

What is the anterior element of the renal hilum?

A

The renal vein?

Respiratory System (4 decks)

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