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Y1B3 (CVS & IBL) 📘 > Embryology 👶 > Flashcards

Embryology 👶 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the time of the development of the Primitive heart?

A

At the beginning of 4th week

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2
Q

What is the origin of the primitive Heart?

A

The cardiogenic plate of mesoderm (Angioblastic cells )

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3
Q

What are the steps of the development of the primitive heart?

A
  • Cells in the cardiogenic area collect into two-heart tubes (one on each side).
  • Then the two heart tubes will fuse together to give a single heart tube with 2 ends
  • one end is venous that receives blood and the other is arterial ejecting the blood.
  • Constrictions appear in the heart tube dividing it to 5 segments
  • Growth of the heart tube, resulting in its bending into an S-shape.

“After U-shaped, Due to attachment with the esophagus with elongation”

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4
Q

What are the segments of the Primitive heart from causal to cranial?

A
  1. Sinus venosus “receive venous blood”
  2. Primitive atrium.
  3. Primitive ventricle.
  4. Bulbus cordis.
  5. Truncus arteriosus.
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5
Q

What does the S-shaped heart consist of?

A
  1. The right limb: which is formed by truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis.
  2. The transverse limb: which is formed by the primitive ventricle.
  3. The left limb: which is formed by the primitive atrium and sinus venosus.
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6
Q

When does the heart first beat?

A

starts at early 4th week (22 days).

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7
Q

When are heartbeats first heard?

A

1st detected heartbeat by ultrasound can be done as early as 6th week.

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8
Q

What Is the time of development of the truncus arteriosus?

A

5th week “Last thing to develop”

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9
Q

What are the steps of development of the truncus arteriosus?

A
  • 2 ridges (Rt & Lt) appear in the cephalic part of TA
  • Grow distally, undergo 180 spiraling, and fuse→form spiral aortico-pulmonary septum
  • The septum divides TA into ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk.
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10
Q

What are the anomalies of truncus arteriosus?

A

1- Transposition of the greater vessels (TGA)
2- Persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA)
3- Fallot’s Tetralogy (FT)

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of TGA?

A
  • Failure of the aortico-pulmonary septum to spiral.
  • Aorta arises from the RT ventricle & the Pulmonary arises from the Lt ventricle.
  • Common cyanotic heart disease.
  • Associated with PDA and or, VSD, ASD, to mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of PTA?

A
  • Failure of development of the aortico-pulmonary septum.
  • TA persist as single trunk overrides both ventricles→ receives mixed blood
  • Accompanied by the membranous ventricular septal defect.
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13
Q

What are the Characteristics of FT?

A
  • Anterior displacement of the aortico-pulmonary septum leads to unequal division of the TA.
  • May be accompanied with PDA.
  • Characters:
    1) Pulmonary stenosis.
    2) Hypertrophy of the Rt ventricle.
    3) Overriding of the aorta.
    4) Ventricular septal defect.
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14
Q

What is Fallot’s pentalogy?

A

FT+ASD

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15
Q

What are the steps of development of the aortic and pulmonary valves?

A

▪ 4 endocardial cushions; Rt, Lt, Ant, Post developed in the cephalic part of bulbus cordis (BC) at its junction with truncus arteriosus (TA).

▪ The Rt & Lt ridges fused dividing the orifice into anterior→pulmonary, posterior→Aortic orifices

▪ Rotation of aorta and pulmonary trunk 45-degree→ rearrangement of their cusps.

▪ The cusps are hollowed out at their upper surface.

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16
Q

What are the anomalies of aortic and pulmonary valves?

A

1- Pulmonary stenosis
2- Aortic stenosis
→Partial fusion of the valves

3- Pulmonary atresia
4- Aortic atresia
→Complete fusion of the valves

“underdevelopment of the cusps —-> blood regurgitation”

17
Q

What is the definition of fetal circulation?

A

Circulation of the blood between fetus and mother and also through the fetus.

18
Q

What does the umbilical cord contain at early embryonic life?

A
  • Two umbilical veins: carry oxygenated blood (80%) from the placenta to the fetus (The Rt umbilical vein disappears early).
  • Two umbilical arteries: carry non-oxygenated blood (60%) from fetus to placenta.
19
Q

Describe the fetal circulation

A
  • The Lt. umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta → Lt portal vein → ductus venosus → Rt atrium → MOST BLOOD passes from foramen ovale → Lt atrium → Lt ventricle → Aorta → Upper part of the body with well-oxygenated blood.
  • SMALL AMOUNT of blood in the Rt atrium (mixed) → Rt ventricle → Pulmonary trunk:
    →Small amount supplies the lung
    →A large amount passes through the ductus arteriosus → descending aorta → lower part of the body with mixed blood.
  • The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus (internal iliac arteries) to the placenta
20
Q

What are the changes that happen in fetal circulation after birth?

A

I. Immediate Changes After Birth:

  • Establishment of pulmonary circulation
  • Functional closure of foramen oval
  • Functional closure of ductus arteriosus

II. Late Fibrotic Changes

  • Changes to The left umbilical vein
  • Changes to The ductus venosus
  • Changes to The ductus arteriosus
  • Changes to The umbilical arteries
21
Q

How is the pulmonary circulation established?

A

Immediately after birth, exposure to cold & anoxia occurs due to the stoppage of placental circulation → stimulating the respiratory center in the brain stem → establishment of pulmonary circulation.

22
Q

How is the foreman ovale closed?

A

This occurs due to:

  • Increase pressure in the left atrium (due to establishment of pulmonary circulation)
  • Decrease pressure in the right atrium (due to stoppage of blood coming from the placenta)
  • this will press the septum primum against the septum secondum leading to firm physiological closure.
23
Q

What are the causes of the closure of ductus arteriosus?

A

Due to strong contraction of the muscle layer in the ductus arteriosus

24
Q

What are the results of the closure of ductus arteriosus?

A
  • Block the communication between the aorta and left branch of the pulmonary.
  • Directing all the blood in the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.
25
Q

What happens in the first year postnatal?

A

some vessels become fibrosed and change into ligaments

26
Q

What is the fate of the left umbilical vein?

A

becomes the ligamentum teres of the liver.

27
Q

What is the fate of ductus venosus?

A

becomes the ligamentum venosum, connecting the left branch of the portal vein with the IVC.

28
Q

What is the fate of ductus arteriosus?

A

becomes the ligamentum arteriosus.

29
Q

What is the fate of the umbilical arteries?

A
  • The proximal parts remain patent and give the superior vesical arteries to the bladder.
  • The distal part fibrosed and give the lateral umbilical ligaments connected to the umbilical cord.

Y1B3 (CVS & IBL) 📘 (10 decks)

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