Anatomy 🫀 Flashcards
What is the site of the heart?
it lies in the middle mediastinum behind the sternum and adjoining costal cartilages.
What is the direction of the heart?
its axis is directed downwards, forwards, and to the left.
What is the size of the heart?
it is equal to a closed fist.
What covers the heart?
- The heart is surrounded by a fibro-serous sac called the pericardium.
- The Pericardium is differentiated into:
- Outer fibrous layer (Fibrous pericardium). “Opaque”
- Inner serous sac (Serous pericardium) that Consists of the outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer with a potential space between them called the pericardial cavity.
What are the external features of the heart?
The heart is conical in shape, it has:
- Apex, Base, 4 surfaces, 4 borders, 4 grooves, and 4 chambers.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium & left ventricle.
What is the Direction of the Apex?
Directed downwards, forwards, and to the left.
What forms the apex?
It is formed by the left ventricle.
What is the surface anatomy of the apex?
Lies at the level of the left 5th intercostal space 3.5inch (9 cm) from the midline.
“Abnormal Positioning may indicate diseases”
What is the direction of the base?
It is directed backwards.
What forms the base?
It is formed by the 2 atria, mainly the left atrium, into which open the 4 pulmonary veins.
What is the surface anatomy of the base?
Lies opposite middle 4 thoracic vertebrae (5-8).
What separates the vertebral column from the base?
Is separated from the vertebral column by descending aorta, esophagus, and oblique sinus of the pericardium.
What are the surfaces of the heart?
Sternocostal surface
Diaphragmatic surface
Right surface
Left surface
What are the borders of the heart?
Upper, lower, right, and left
What forms the upper border?
It is formed by the two atria mainly the left one.
“Just like the base”
What hides the upper border?
It is hidden anteriorly by ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk.
What divides the sternocostal surface?
Divided by the atrioventricular groove into:
1) Atrial part: formed by the 2 atria & the 2 auricles.
2) Ventricular part: right 2/3 is formed by the right ventricle, left 1/3 is formed by the left ventricle
What divides the diaphragmatic surface?
Divided by the posterior interventricular groove into left 2/3 formed by the left ventricle & right1/3 formed by the right ventricle.
What forms the diaphragmatic surface?
Formed by the 2 ventricles.
What is the shape of the diaphragmatic surface?
Slightly concave as it rests on the diaphragm mainly the central tendon.
What separates the diaphragmatic surface from the base?
Separated from the base of the heart by the posterior part of the coronary groove.
What forms the right surface?
Formed by right atrium only.
What is the right surface related to?
Related to the right lung and pleura & right phrenic nerve and right pericardiophrenic vessels.
What forms the left surface?
Formed by left ventricle (mainly) & left auricle (small part).
What forms the lower border?
right ventricle (2/3) and partly by the left ventricle (1/3).
What forms the right border?
the right atrium only.
“ Like the right surface”
What forms the left border?
mainly by the left ventricle and partly by the left auricle.
” like the left surface”
What does the atrioventricular (coronary) Groove separate?
separating the atria from the ventricles.
What hides the atrioventricular Groove?
It is hidden anteriorly by ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk.
What does the atrioventricular groove contain?
It contains coronary arteries, coronary sinus & the small cardiac vein.
What does the anterior interventricular groove contain?
- Anterior interventricular artery.
- Great cardiac vein.
What does the interatrial groove separate?
separating the 2 atria.
What are the characteristics of the interatrial groove?
It is ill-defined & hidden anteriorly by ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk.
What does the anterior interventricular groove separate?
separating the 2 ventricles.
Which surface is the anterior interventricular groove present?
sternocostal surface.
What does a posterior interventricular groove separate?
separating the 2 ventricles.
Which surface is the posterior interventricular groove present?
diaphragmatic surface.
What does the posterior interventricular groove contain?
- posterior interventricular artery.
- middle cardiac vein.
