Embryology

Question 1

What is gastrulation

Answer 1

generation of 3 germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

Question 2

What is blastocyst

Answer 2

inner cell mass enveloped by outer layer

Question 3

Where do neural crest cells migrate from

Answer 3

The neural tube

Question 4

Where does the entire embryo come from?

Answer 4

Inner cell mass

source of embryonic stem cells

Question 5

After fertilisation, cell division forms a ball of cells called ……… which begin to transcribe ……. ………….

Answer 5

morula

different genes

Question 6

What does the primitive streak form?

Answer 6

site of gastrulation

Question 7

What happens to the cells during gastrulation?

Answer 7

cells in epiblast moves towards primitive streak and leave
ingressing cells form mesoderm + endoderm
cells remaining form ectoderm

Question 8

derivatives of ectoderm

Answer 8

Epidermis (skin)

nervous system

Question 9

derivatives of mesoderm

Answer 9

skeletal muscle
circulatory system
blood
kidney
vertebral column

Question 10

derivatives of endoderm

Answer 10

GI tract

gut/liver/lungs/thyroid

Question 11

What are cells called that leave first and cells that leave last ?

Answer 11

rostral

caudal

Question 12

The position along the ……….. ……… defines the ……… ……. axis of the ………

Answer 12

primitive streak
medial - lateral
mesoderm

Question 13

The time when cells leave the streak defines their …….. along the ……… ……. axis

Answer 13

position

head-tail

Question 14

Ectoderm forms the …….. …… which folds up into a …….

Answer 14

neural plate

tube

Question 15

The midbrain and rhombomeres 1 + 2 contribute to the ……. and the …… …… arch

Answer 15

face

first branchial arch

Question 16

The anterior part of the neural tube expands greatly as ……., ……… and ………..

Answer 16

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

Question 17

Part of neural tube that forms hindbrain develops a series of 8 bulges the …….

Answer 17

rhomomeres

Question 18

Lateral to the neural tube, the …….. partially segments to form 7 …….. and fully segments caudally to form ……

Answer 18

mesoderm
somatomeres
somites

Question 19

neural crest cells give rise to ……… ……… that will undergo complex ……… to form a future face

Answer 19

facial ectomesenchyme

morphogenesis

Question 20

Development of frontal prominence forms the …….

Answer 20

stomatodeum

Question 21

Branchial arches consist of a ‘bar’ ………. tissue, lined on the outside by ……. and inside by …….

Answer 21

mesenchymal
ectoderm
endoderm

Question 22

What are the branchial arches separated by on the outside and on the inside?

Answer 22

outside - deep clefts

inside - pouches

Question 23

How many branchial arches are they?

Answer 23

5 arches numbered
1,2,3,4,6
NO 5th

Question 24

Basic structure of each branchial arch

Answer 24

cartilage, nerve, artery

Question 25

Basic structure of each pharyngeal arch

Answer 25

ectoderm
mesenchyme (neural crest + mesoderm)
endoderm

Question 26

1st pharyngeal arch the two processes are:

Answer 26

maxillary and mandibular processes

Question 27

Within the mandibular process is located the …….. …….. which will disappear with development and the …….. bone will form by ossification of the mesenchymal tissue

Answer 27

meckels cartilage

mandibular

Question 28

Fundamental importance of 1st arch and nerve supply?

Answer 28

origin of two lower thirds of face

trigeminal

Question 29

Second arch: Hyoid arch, the cartilage forms the ……, ……. process on the base of the skull. …….. horns and upper part of the ………. bone

Answer 29

stapes
styloid
lesser
hyoid

Question 30

Second arch: function group of muscles of ……. ……

nerve supply:

Answer 30

facial expression

facial nerve

Question 31

Third arch cartilage forms: greater ….. and the lower part of the ……. bone

Answer 31

horns

hyoid

Question 32

muscle of 3rd arch and nerve supply

Answer 32

stylopharynegeus

glossopharyngeal