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Neuroscience II > Embryo Development > Flashcards

Embryo Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for neural tube formation?

A

Neuroulation

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2
Q

What type of cells eventually develop into dorsal root and autonomic NS ganglion cells, adrenal medulla, schwann cells, and satellite cells?

A

neural crest cells

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3
Q

The ______ develops into the tissue of the CNS.

A

neural tube

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4
Q

The _____ develops into the ventricular system.

A

neurocoele

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5
Q

The rostral opening of the neural tube, the rostral _______ closes completely in the middle of the 4th week.

A

neuropore

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6
Q

The caudal ______ closes about 2 days after the rostral.

A

neuropore

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7
Q

By the end of three weeks, 2 folks meet to form the neural ______ and a center opening called the _____.

A

neural tube

neurocoele

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8
Q

At the 3rd week of development, the neural plate forms from a dorsal thickening of _______.

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

A fatal deformity caused by complete failure of neural tubes to close is called:

A

anencephaly

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10
Q

With anencephaly, important portions of the _____ do not develop.

A

Cb

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11
Q

The CNS appears as an open furrow on dorsal surface of head and body with ____.

A

anencephaly

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12
Q

A severe form of spina bifida is known as:

A

meningomyelocele

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13
Q

_____ is caused by failure of caudal neuropore to close.

A

spina bifida

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14
Q

Type I arnold-chiari malformation:

A

asymptomatic

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15
Q

Spina bifida is frequently accompanied by ____ malformation.

A

arnold-chiari

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16
Q

Type II arnold-chiari malformation:

A

accompanies meningomyelocele and often occurs with hydrocephalus

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17
Q

Type III arnold-chiari malformation:

A

associated with severe neurological defect including encaphalocele

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18
Q

Type IV arnold-chiari malformation:

A

agenesis of Cb

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19
Q

With Arnold-chiari malformation, what structures are often elongated and pushed down into the foramen magnum?

A

Cb (tonsils)

and caudal brainstem

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20
Q

What are the symptoms associated with arnold-chiari malformation?

A 
headache
fatigue
weakness of facial muscles
dysphagia
dizziness
nausea
impaired coordination
in severe cases: paralysis
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21
Q

Meningomyelocele is frequently accompanied by:

A

hydrocephalus

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22
Q

Describe spina bifida occulta:

A

simple defect in closure of vertebrae

area of defect often indicated by tuft of excessive hair

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23
Q

Define meninfocele:

A

herniation of meningeal membranes
appears as a cystic tumor
no CNS involvement

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24
Q

With spina bifida, the nerve roots and SC along with menigneal coverings are ____.

A

herniated

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25
Q

How many primary vesicles form as expansions of the neural tube during the 4th week?

A

3

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26
Q

The primary vesicles that form during the 4th week are:

A
  1. prosencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. rhomencephalon
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27
Q

The prosescephalon subdivides into:

A

telencephalon: forms cortex and basal forebrain
diencephalon: forms thalamus and hypothalamus

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28
Q

The mesencephalon remains as a primary vesicle and forms the:

A

midbrain

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29
Q

The Rhombencephalon subdivides into the:

A

metencephalon: forms pons and Cb
myelencephalon: forms medulla

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30
Q

The cerebral vesicles are portions of the developing CNS related to:

A

brainstem and cerebrum

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31
Q

The ventricular system develops from the:

A

neuralcoele

32
Q

The two primary vesicles subdivide to form a total of __ secondary vesicles.

A

5

33
Q

What is the most common developmental cause of hydrocephalus?

A

blockage of the cerebral aqueduct

34
Q

What level are the 2 lateral ventricles formed?

A

telencephalon

35
Q

What level is the 3rd ventricle formed?

A

diencephalon

36
Q

What level is the 4th ventricle formed?

A

rostral medulla/pons

37
Q

What level is the central canal formed?

A

SC/caudal medulla

38
Q

What level is the cerebral aqueduct formed?

A

midbrain

39
Q

During the 4th week, the ____ forms a groove in the inner wall of the neural tube.

A

sulcus limitans

40
Q

The sulcus limitans divides the tube into an ___ plate and a ___ plate.

A

alar (dorsal)

basal (ventral)

41
Q

In the SC, the ____ plate is the dorsal horn for sensory fxn.

A

alar

42
Q

In the SC, the ____ plate is the ventral horn for motor fxn.

A

basal

43
Q

Development of the 4th ventricle in the brainstem causes the alar plate to shift laterally to form the _____.

A

sensory nuclei

44
Q

Development of the 4th ventricle in the brainstem causes the _____ nuclei associated with the basal plate to line up most medially with nuclei of mixed nerves in between.

A

purely motor

45
Q

What structure undergoes the most dramatic development?

A

telencephalon (cortex)

46
Q

The basal part of the telencephalon, adjacent to the diencephalon develop into the ____.

A

basal ganglia

47
Q

The part of the cortex that overgrows the diencephalon is called the:

A

insula

48
Q

The pattern of growth of the telencephalon structures accounts for its “__“-shaped appearance.

A

“C” shape

49
Q

The cells of the neuroepithelium surround the ____ and cause cell proliferation when they undergo mitosis.

A

neurocoele

50
Q

The area that undergoes mitosis is known as the:

A

germinal zone

51
Q

What are the two types of stem cells that can be identified after early mitosis and what do they become?

A

nueroblasts: become nerve cells
glioblasts: become glial cells

52
Q

At some point in the development, neuroblasts become _____ (they can no longer undergo mitosis).

A

postmitotic

53
Q

What is the pattern of migration?

A

central (neurocoele) to superficial

54
Q

Neurons migrate to the cortex along a path set by _____ cells, which act like scaffolding for the neurons to climb.

A

radial glial

55
Q

The ___ cells orient perpendicularly to the surface of the brain so the pattern of migration is away from the seminal center like spokes extending from the hub of a wheel.

A

radial glial

56
Q

Neurons of the Cb don’t complete migration until:

A

4 months post-natal

57
Q

PNS is myelinated by schwann cells that develop from:

A

neural crest cells

58
Q

When does PNS and CNS myelination begin?

A

4th month of fetal life

59
Q

When does myelination process complete?

A

early adulthood

60
Q

CNS myelination of fibers coincides with the time:

A

they start to function

61
Q

Some motor tracts and cortical fibers myelinate by:

A

1 year

62
Q

Muscles, bone and dermis develop from:

A

mesoderm

63
Q

By the 20th day, ____ form from the mesoderm.

A

somites

64
Q

The first somite appears in the ____ region.

A

cervical

65
Q

Somite development proceeds in which orientation?

A

caudally

66
Q

By the end of the 5th week, there are ___ pairs of somites.

A

42-44

67
Q

Name the number of pairs of somites by region:

A 
4 occipital
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
8-10 coccygeal
68
Q

By the beginning of the 4th week, the cells of the somite most ventral and medial migrate to surround the ____.

A

notocord

69
Q

The cells surrounding the notochord that will develop into vertebrae are called the _____.

A

sclerotome

70
Q

The somites that do not form the slerotome form the:

A

myotome

dermatome

71
Q

From each somite develops:

A
  1. bone (from sclerotome)
  2. muscle (from myotome)
  3. part of dermis (from dermatome)
72
Q

When do limb muscles begin to develop near the base of the limb bud?

A

7th week

73
Q

Initally, the migration of myotome and dematome forms the limb bud in a ____ fashion.

A

segmental

74
Q

As limb bud lengthens, myotomes and dermatomes loose their segmentation and fuse so that individual muscles of the limb are derived from more than one ____.

A

somite

explains how muscles are enervated by more than one SC level

75
Q

What accoutns for the mature dermatomal pattern?

A
  1. each dermatome associated with specific spinal nerve

2. dermatomes that migrate to the limb bud eventually loose connection with axial portion as the limb bud lengthens

Neuroscience II (13 decks)

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