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Neuroscience II > Brainstem Functions > Flashcards

Brainstem Functions Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic functions of the brainstem:

A
  1. Conduit
  2. CN functions
  3. Integrative
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2
Q

What functions does the brainstem integrate and regulate?

A 
some motor
respiratory
cardiovascular
consciousness
pain modulation
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3
Q

Within the reticular formation, there is a great deal of _____: a single cell responding to several sensory inputs.

A

convergence

large dendritic fields

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4
Q

Within the reticular formation, there is a great deal of _____: a single cell projecting to several different targets through collaterals.

A

divergence

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5
Q

What are the 3 zones of the reticular formation?

A
  1. Raphe
  2. Medial zone
  3. Lateral zone
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6
Q

The ____ is a group of cells on either side of the reticular formation midline.

A

raphe

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7
Q

The ____ zone contains large and small neurons with long axons, comprising most of the long ascending and descending projections out of the RF.

A

medial zone

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8
Q

The lateral zone of the RF is particularly prominent in which levels?

A

rostral medulla and caudal pons

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9
Q

The ____ zone of the RF is primarily involved with CN reflexes and visceral function.

A

lateral

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10
Q

The ___ zone of the RF is considered the receiving zone.

A

lateral

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11
Q

Which motor tracts participate in postural control and walking as part of the reticular formation?

A

Medial and Lateral Reticulospinal tracts

Medial and Lateral Vestibulospinal tracts

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12
Q

What are three sensory functions of the reticular formation?

A
  1. modulates reflex response to noxious stimulus
  2. certain areas of the RF also play a major role in the modulation on nociception
  3. sensory integration related to postural control
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13
Q

The periaqueductal and periventricular gray substance are involved in ____ control and contain high levels of ____.

A

pain control

endorphins

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14
Q

Respiratory centers are located in what area of the RF?

A

medullary and pontine RF

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15
Q

Respiratory centers receive input from _____.

A

chemoreceptors

re: pH, blood oxygen levels, stretch receptors

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16
Q

Lesions of the respiratory centers produce distinct abnormal breathing patterns because:

A

influence over phrenic nucleus C3-5

rhythmical patterns and pacemaker (ie: CPG for breathing)

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17
Q

Cardiovascular control centers are located in what area of the RF?

A

medulla

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18
Q

Cardiovascular control centers receive input from _____.

A

baroreceptors

inputs from CN IX and X

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19
Q

Cardiovascular control centers project to ____.

A

autonomic nuclei of the SC

20
Q

BP control centers are located in ____.

A

ventrolateral medulla

21
Q

Cardiovascular control centers have reciprocal connections with the ____ system.
Evidence?

A

limbic system

evidence: panic attacks and limbic responses (ie: anger) expressed via autonomic centers in medulla

22
Q

What visceral control center is associated with coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, yarning, shivering, gagging, swallowing, laughing, and crying?

A

Cardiovascular control centers

23
Q

T or F:

Damage to visceral control centers is life threatening.

A

True

24
Q

The hypothalamus projects to area of the brainstem that influence the ____ system.

A

sympathetic

25
Q

Describe the course of hypothalamic projections to the brainstem:

A

some descending projections synapse in RF

some proceed directly to SC

26
Q

Damage to hypothalamic projections can cause ____ syndrome.

A

horners
Loose sympathetic innervation to 1/2 of the face (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmus, flushing, anhydrosis of ipsilateral face)

27
Q

Describe the course of fibers that are responsible for normal state of consciousness:

A

portion of midbrain and rostral pontine RF project to intralaminar nuclei of thalamus which projects to all areas of cortex

28
Q

The control of consciousness is known as the:

A

ARAS: ascending reticular activating system

29
Q

Interruption of the ARAS pathway results in:

A

coma (disruption of arousal)

respiratory and cardiovascular disturbances

30
Q

ARAS pathway works along with axons from ____ in modulating activity of the cerebral cortex.

A

locus ceruleus

31
Q

In addition to control of consciousness, parts of the RF also play an important role in:

A

sleep

32
Q

What are the 3 neurochemically distinct systems of the brainstem?

A

NE
Dopamine
Seratonin

33
Q

Locus ceruleus contains _____ causing it to appear black in unstained sections.

A

neuromelanin

34
Q

Locus ceruleus works with ____ to modulate activity in cortex for attention.

A

ARAS

35
Q

Locus ceruleus has downstream projections to the ____ to facilitate motor recruitment.

A

SC

36
Q

Where is locus ceruleus located?

A

near the PAG in the midbrain and rostral pons

37
Q

NE is associated with _____ to control attention, sleep-wake, and mood.

A

locus ceruleus

38
Q

Dopamine is associated with ____.

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

39
Q

Seratonin is associated with ___.

A

raphe nuclei

40
Q

Raphe nuclei projections to the SC are involved in ____.

A

pain modulation

41
Q

Raphe nuclei project to systems involved in:

A

depression, anxiety, OCD, aggression, eating disorders

42
Q

Substantia nigra is part of the ____ system.

A

mesostriatal

43
Q

Substantia nigra pojects to the _____.

A

basal ganglia

44
Q

Depletion of Substantia nigra cells results in ____ disease.

A

parkinson’s

45
Q

The Ventral tegmental area is located:

A

medial to substantia nigra

46
Q

The Ventral tegmental area projects to:

A

mesocortical and other limbic areas

47
Q

The Ventral tegmental area is involved in:

A

MESOLIMBIC: addiction, reward, pleasure
MESOCORTICAL: attention, motivation, schizophrenia

Neuroscience II (13 decks)

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