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Musculoskeletal > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

0
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Division of brain and spinal cord.

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1
Q

What is mesencephalic flexure?

A

Bend between the first two parts of the brain in an embryo.

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2
Q

What causes folding at the cranial end of the embryo?

A

Dramatic growth of the brain

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3
Q

How many divisions are in the early brain and what are they called?

A

Three. Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain).

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4
Q

What does the cavity of the neural tube form?

A

The ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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5
Q

When going from 3 to 5 brain vesicles, what are the 5 vesicles?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon.

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6
Q

What does the telencephalon form?

A

Cerebrum, from lateral ventricles.

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7
Q

What does the diencephalon form?

A

Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus.

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8
Q

What does the mesencephalon form?

A

Cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi

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9
Q

What forms from the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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10
Q

What forms from the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

What connect the right and left alar (dorsal) plates? What connect the bilateral basal (ventral) plates?

A

The roof plate, the floor plate.

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12
Q

What is the chemical that signals the ventral part of the neural tube? Dorsal part?

A

Sonic hedgehog, BMP4.

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13
Q

What chemical does the notochord emit?

A

Sonic hedgehog (shh)

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14
Q

What surrounds the central canal of the neural tube?

A

Undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells surrounding the central canal

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15
Q

What are the different types of segmentation?

A

Longitudinal- brain from spinal cord. Cross sectional- define areas for gray matter (cell bodies of neurons) and white matter (axons).

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16
Q

where is the white and gray matter located in the spinal cord? In the brain?

A

Spinal cord- white matter (on the outside), gray matter ( on the inside). Brain- white matter (inside), gray matter (outside).

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17
Q

What does the early neural tube consist of?

A

Pseudostratified columnar (neuro) epithelium. Nuclei appear to be in multiple layers. High degree of mitotic activity. Cell division & maturation result in population of bipotential progenitor cells, which give rise to either neuronal or glial progenitor cells.

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18
Q

What do bipotential progenitor cells in the neural tube lead to?

A

Either neuronal or glial progenitor cells.

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19
Q

What do neuronal progenitor cells make? Glial progenitor cells?

A

Neuron. Neuroglia.

20
Q

What is the function of the neuron?

A

Transmit electrochemical signals.

21
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Supporting cells of the CNS. Insulate, nourish, support and protect neurons.

22
Q

What are ependymoblasts? Where are they located?

A

Cells in the innermost layer of the neural tube. These cells differentiate into ependyma.

23
Q

What do glial cells give rise to?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal and special glial cells.

24
Q

Which zone gives rise to neurons and neuroglia?

A

Ventricular zone (most medial)

25
Q

What is in the intermediate mantle (cortical zone)?

A

Post-mitotic neurons and glioblasts, which will become the inner gray matter (contains neuronal cell bodies and neuroglia).

26
Q

What makes up the white matter (marginal zone)?

A

Neuronal processes that surround the developing gray matter

27
Q

What is in the dorsal plate of the spinal cord? Ventral plate?

A

Sensory input (afferent). Motor output (efferent)

28
Q

What are the neural crest derived tissues?

A

Melanocytes, dorsal root ganglia, spinal nerves, sympathetic ganglia.

29
Q

What are the neural crest migration pathways?

A

Lateral and medial pathways, which go on either side of the dermomyotome.

30
Q

What types of ganglia are formed by the neural crest?

A

Sensory (dorsal root) ganglia, motor (autonomic, sympathetic chain, parasympathetic)

31
Q

What is in the central nervous system?

A

White matter (myelinated axons in tracts), gray matter (neuronal cell bodies and neuroglia)

32
Q

What is a tract in the CNS?

A

Bundles of axons originating and ending in CNS

33
Q

What are neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

34
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves, other nerves, nerve endings, and ganglia (cell bodies in PNS)

35
Q

What are the two parts of the PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

36
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Actions carried out voluntarily, sensations are consciously received.

37
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Actions carried out involuntarily, sensations aren’t consciously perceived (maintains homeostasis)

38
Q

What are the four types of information to/from the spinal cord?

A

General somatic afferent, general somatic efferent, general visceral afferent, general visceral efferent

39
Q

What does a ventral root contain?

A

General visceral efferent and general somatic efferent (motor)

40
Q

What do dorsal rami go to?

A

Epaxial back muscles (deep back), muscle and skin also.

41
Q

What do ventral rami go to?

A

Hypaxial muscles, lateral and entrap body wall.

42
Q

What do afferent nerves do?

A

Carry signals from the peripheral to the CNS, via dorsal roots. Have receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception

43
Q

What do efferent neurons do?

A

Carry impulses away from CNS to skeletal muscle

44
Q

Explain a dorsal rhizotomy and why it’s performed.

A

Nerves separated and identified by electrical stimulation. Some sensory nerve fibers are then cut. Can do this for cerebral palsy or chronic pain (radiofrequency rhizotomy)

45
Q

What is the condition where a person can’t feel pain?

A

Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP). Rare, can be bc of voltage-gated Na+ channel (SCN9A) in dorsal root ganglia. Five different kinds have been identified.

46
Q

What are characteristics of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary and automatic, not consciously perceived, two neurons in path from CNS to effector, one neuron for somatic, the two neurons in the NSR preganglionic and postganglionic.

47
Q

What muscles do the autonomic nervous system affect efferently?

A

Smooth and cardiac muscle, also glands.

48
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Musculoskeletal (10 decks)

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