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renal > embryo > Flashcards

embryo Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system develops from

A 
intermediate mesenchyme 
(primordial embryonic connective tissue consisting of mesenchymal cells)
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2
Q

during horizontal folding of embryo, mesenchyme is carried

A

ventrally + loses connection with the somites

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3
Q

longitudinal elevation of mesoderm is called the

A

urogenital ridge

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4
Q

urogenital ridge forms

A

on both sides of the dorsal aorta

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5
Q

part of urogenital ridge that gives rise to urinary system is called

A

the nephrogenic cord

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6
Q

urinary system develops (before or after?) the genital system

A

before

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7
Q

urinary system consists of the

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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8
Q

what are the 3 sets of successive overlapping kidney systems developing in embryos

A

pronephroi, metanephroi and mesonephroi

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9
Q

the pronephroi are

A

the first set and rudimentary

end of 3 weeks - 6.5 weeks (3.5 weeks total)

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10
Q

the mesonephroi are

A

the second set and function briefly after the early fetal period
late in 4th week - 8th week (function for 4 weeks)

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11
Q

the metanephroi

A

are the 3rd set and form the perma kidneys

begin to develop at 5 weeks and become functional at 9 weeks

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12
Q

kidneys develop from 2 sources

A
  1. ureteric bud = metanephric diverticulum

2. metanephrogenic blastema = metanephric mass of mesenchyme

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13
Q

ureteric bud is an outgrowth from

A

the mesonephric duct

outgrowth = diverticulum

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14
Q

metanephrogenic blastema is derived from

A

caudal part or nephrogenic cord

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15
Q

the blastema is a

A

metanephric mass of mesenchyme

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16
Q

mesonephric kidneys consist of

A

glomeruli (10-50 per kidney) and mesonephric tubules

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17
Q

mesonephric tubules open into

A

bilateral mesonephric ducts (originally pronephric ducts)

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18
Q

mesonephric ducts open into

A

the cloaca

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19
Q

mesonephric ducts degenerate towards

A

the end of the 12th week

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20
Q

even though mesonephric ducts degenerate, metanephric tubules become

A

the efferent ductules of the testes

mesonephric ducts have several adult derivatives in males

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21
Q

stalk of ureteric bud becomes

A

the ureter

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22
Q

what part of the ureteric bud undergoes repetitive branching to become collecting tubules

A

the cranial part of the bud

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23
Q

first 4 generations of collection tubules do what to form the major calices

A

they enlarge and become confluent

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24
Q

what forms the major calices

A

the enlargement and confluence of the first 4 generations of collecting tubules

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25
Q

the second 4 generations coalesce to form

A

the minor calices

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26
Q

what forms the minor calices

A

the coalescence of the second 4 generations of the collecting tubules (aka the major calices)

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27
Q

what does the end of each arched collecting tubule do

A

induces growth of clusters of mesenchyme cells in the metanephrogenic blastema

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28
Q

what do clusters of mesenchyme cells in the metanephrogenic blastema form

A

small metanephric vesicles

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29
Q

what do the metanephric vesicles become

A

metanephric tubules

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30
Q

how do the small metanephric vesicles become metanephric tubules

A

they elongate

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31
Q

as branching continues, some metanephric mesenchyme cells condense and form

A

cap mesenchyme cells

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32
Q

what happens to cap mesenchyme cells

A

they undergo mesenchymal to epithelial transition

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33
Q

what do the cap mesenchyme cells become

A

majority of the nephron’s epithelium

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34
Q

what invaginates the proximal ends of the tubules

A

glomeruli

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35
Q

tubules differentiate into

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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36
Q

what constitutes a nephron

A

the nephron loop (loop of henle)
the glomerulus
the glomerular capsule

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37
Q

what does a urineferous tubule consist of

A
  1. a nephron = derived from metanephrogenic blastema

2. a collecting tubule = derived from ureteric bud

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38
Q

number of glomeruli grows gradually during the

A

10 - 18th weeks

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39
Q

number of glomeruli grows rapidly when

A

from 18 - 36th week (upper limit is reached)

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40
Q

nephron formation is completed when

A

at birth (in non premature births)

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41
Q

fetal kidneys are subdivided into

A

lobes

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42
Q

lobulation of fetal kidneys disappears when

A

usually at end of 1st year of infancy

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43
Q

why does lobulation of fetal/ infant children disappear

A

nephrons increase and grow

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44
Q

what causes increase in kidney size after birth

A

elongation of the proximal convoluted tubules + increase in interstitial tissue

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45
Q

when does functional maturation of kidneys + increasing rates of filtration occur

A

after birth

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46
Q

when does glomerular filtration begin

A

at approx 9th fetal week

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47
Q

what is the branching of ureteric bud dependent on

A

induction by the metanephric mesenchyme

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48
Q

what does the metanephric mesenchyme induce

A

the branching of the ureteric bud

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49
Q

differentiation of nephrons depends on

A

induction by the collecting tubules

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50
Q

what do the collecting tubules induce

A

the differentiation of the nephrons

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51
Q

what two structures are involved in reciprocal induction

A

the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema

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52
Q

what process are the metanephrogenic blastema and the ureteric bud involved in

A

reciprocal induction = interact and induce each other

to form the perma kidneys

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53
Q

nephrogenesis begins

A

around the beginning of 8th week

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54
Q

metanephric tubules connect with the collecting tubules to form

A

the uriniferous tubules

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55
Q

suprrarenal glands are usually (large/small) compared to the kidneys at a fetus

A

large: they will become smaller during first year of infancy

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56
Q

why do kidneys gradually relocate to the abdomen and move farther apart

A

because the abdomen and pelvis begin to grow so there is space

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57
Q

the ascent of the kidneys during development results from

A

growth of the embryo’s body, caudal to the kidneys

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58
Q

what initially faces ventrally during the positional changes of the kidneys

A

the hilum

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59
Q

what is the hilum of the kidneys

A

the entry and exit site for blood vessels, ureter and nerves of the kidneys

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60
Q

what happens to the position of the hilum as the kidneys relocate

A

the hilum rotates medially 90 degrees

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61
Q

how does the hilum rotate during kidney relocation

A

rotates medially 90 degrees

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62
Q

when are the hila (plural of hilum) directed anteromedially (final position)

A

by the 9th week

63
Q

kidneys are (sub/retro/pre/intra) peritoneal structures

A

retroperitoneal: located outside and behind the peritoneal space

64
Q

shape of left suprrarenal gland

A

crescent shape

65
Q

shape of right suprrarenal gland

A

pyramidal

66
Q

renal arteries initially grow from the

A

common iliac artery

67
Q

as kidneys ascend, the stop receiving blood from common iliac arteries and begin receiving it from

A

the distal end of the abdominal aorta

68
Q

when kidneys are located at a high level, they receive new arterial branches from the

A

aorta

69
Q

what happens to caudal branches of the renal vessels after kidney ascension

A

caudal branches of renal vessels undergo involution (shrinkage) and disappear

70
Q

when do the positions of the kidneys become fixed

A

once the kidneys meet the suprrarenal glands

71
Q

when do the kidneys meet the suprrarenal glands

A

in the 9th week

72
Q

the (right/left) renal artery is longer and more superior

A

right

73
Q

percentage of adult kidneys with 2 - 4 renal arteries

A

25%

74
Q

from where do accessory renal arteries arise

A

the aorta (superior or inferior to main renal artery)

75
Q

accessory renal arteries arise (superior/inferior) to the main renal artery

A

either superior or inferior, can vary

76
Q

accessory renal arteries are also known as

A

supernumerary renal arteries

77
Q

accessory renal arteries
a) follow the main renal artery through the hilum into the kidneys
or
b) enter the kidneys directly through superior or inferior pole

A

both A and B are correct

78
Q

supernumerary renal arteries enter the kidney through the (superior/inferior) pole

A

can enter through either pole

79
Q

hydronephrosis is caused by

A

an accessory renal artery entering through the inferior pole (polar renal artery) and crossing anterior to the ureter = obstructing ureter

80
Q

in hydronephrosis, the supernumerary renal artery crosses (anterior/posterior) to the ureter

A

anterior = obstructs the ureter

81
Q

hydronephrosis causes

A

swelling of the kidney as the urine cannot be drained out

82
Q

swelling of the kidney is caused by

A

hydronephrosis

83
Q

distension of the renal pelvis and calices by urine is associated with

A

hydronephrosis (swelling of kidney bc urine cant be drained)

84
Q

accessory renal arteries are

A

end arteries

85
Q

what happens if an accessory renal artery is damaged/ ligated

A

part of kidney supplied by it will become ischemic (blood flow AKA oxygen flow is reduced/ restricted)

86
Q

accessory arteries are (more/less) common than accessory veins

A

more: approx 2 times more common

87
Q

suprrarenal glands can be divided into 2 parts

A

cortex and medulla

88
Q

origin of cortex of suprrarenal glands

A

develops from mesenchyme

89
Q

origin of medulla of suprrarenal glands

A

derived from an adjacent sympathetic ganglion

90
Q

how does the cortex of suprrarenal gland begin developing

A

begins as an aggregation of mesenchyme cells on each side of embryo (between root of dorsal mesentery and developing gonad)

91
Q

when are the suprrarenal glands simply aggregations of mesenchyme cells

A

during the 6th week

92
Q

when do the neural crest cells differentiate into secretory cells of the suprrarenal medulla

A

as they are surrounded by the cortex

93
Q

how is the cortex enclosed

A

mesenchymal cells arise from mesothelium and enclose it

94
Q

where do neural crest cells form a mass to create the medulla of suprrarenal gland

A

on the medial side of the embryonic suprrarenal cortex

95
Q

when do the neural crest cells form a mass on the suprrarenal cortex

A

at 7 weeks

96
Q

what are the 3 layers of the suprrarenal cortex

A

from most inwards to outwards:

  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona reticularis
  3. zona fasciculata
97
Q

what is the zone between the permanent cortex and fetal cortex of suprrarenal glands called

A

transitional zone

indentified by immunohistochemical studies

98
Q

from what is the zone/ layer is the zona fasciculata derived

A

the transitional zone

99
Q

what 2 layers of suprrarenal gland cortex are present at birth

A

zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis

100
Q

what layer of suprrarenal gland cortex is not present at birth

A

zona fasciculata

101
Q

when is the zona fasciculata recognizable in the suprrarenal gland cortex

A

at the end of the 3rd year of infancy

102
Q

relative to body weight, suprrarenal glands are … times (smaller/larger) than in adult glands

A

10 - 20 times larger

103
Q

why are the suprrarenal glands so large compared to the kidneys during development

A

bc of extensive size of fetal suprrarenal cortex = cortex produces steroid precursors

104
Q

what are the steroid precursors secreted by fetal suprrarenal glands used for

A

used by placenta to synthesize estrogen

105
Q

medulla is relatively (small/large) during development

A

small: will grow after birth

106
Q

why will the suprrarenal glands rapidly become smaller

A

bc the fetal cortex will regress during 1st year of infancy

107
Q

when will the fetal suprrarenal cortex regress

A

during the 1st year of infancy

108
Q

glands lose approx … of their weight during the 2-3 weeks post birth

A

1/3 (one third)

109
Q

when do suprrarenal glands lose approx 1/3 of their mass

A

during the 2-3 weeks post birth

110
Q

when do the suprrarenal glands regain the 1/3 mass lost during 2-3 weeks post birth

A

end of 2nd year of infancy

111
Q

what happens at the end of the 2nd year of infancy

A

the suprrarenal glands have regained the mass lost during 2-3 weeks post birth

112
Q

urogenital sinus has 3 parts

A

vesical part
pelvic part
phallic part

113
Q

what does the vesical part of urogenital sinus do

A

vesical part: forms urinary bladder and is continuous with the allantois

114
Q

what is continuous with the allantois

A

the vesical part of the urogenital sinus

115
Q

what does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus do

A

pelvic part: becomes urethra in neck of bladder

  • in males = prostatic part of urethra
  • in females = entire urethra
116
Q

what does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus do

A

phallic part: grows towards the genital tubercule

- primordium of the penis OR clitoris

117
Q

from what does the bladder develop

A

the vesical part of the urogenital sinus

118
Q

entire epithelium of bladder is derived from

A

endoderm of the vesical part of urogenital sinus

119
Q

endoderm of vesical part of urogenital sinus forms

A

the epithelium of the bladder

120
Q

endoderm of vesical part also known as

A

ventral part of cloaca

121
Q

other layers of wall (not epithelium) of bladder develop from

A

the adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme

122
Q

adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme forms

A

the other layers (not epithelium) of the bladder wall

123
Q

allantois is

A

a fetal membrane developed from the hindgut

124
Q

initially bladder is continuous with

A

allantois

125
Q

allantois will constrict and become a thick fibrous cord called

A

the urachus

126
Q

the urachus is formed by

A

the allantois (after it constricts and forms a fibrous cord)

127
Q

the urachus extends from … to the …

A

from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

128
Q

in adults, the urachus is represented by

A

median umbilical ligament

129
Q

what used to be the median umbilical ligament

A

the urachus

130
Q

why are distal parts of the mesonephric ducts incorporated into dorsal wall of bladder

A

bc the bladder begins enlarging

131
Q

what happens when the bladder begins growing in size

A

distal parts of mesonephric ducts begin incorporating into the dorsal wall of bladder

132
Q

connective tissue in the trigone of bladder is formed by

A

the absorption of the mesonephric ducts which were incorporated into the dorsal wall of the bladder

133
Q

when do the ureters open separately into the bladder

A

as the mesonephric ducts incorporated into dorsal wall of bladder are absorbed

134
Q

the orifices of the ureters move … and enter … through bladder base

A

move superolaterally and enter obliquely through bladder base

135
Q

why do orifices of ureters move superolaterally and enter obliquely through bladder base

A

partly bc of traction exerted by kidneys as they ascend

136
Q

in males, what happens to the orifices of the ureter ducts

A

orifices move closer + enter prostatic part of urethra + caudal ends of ducts develop into ejaculatory ducts

137
Q

in females, what happens to the distal end of the mesonephric ducts

A

they degenerate

138
Q

where is the bladder in infants and children

A

in the abdomen (even when empty)

139
Q

when does the bladder begin to enter the greater pelvis

A

at 6 years old

140
Q

when does the pelvis enter the lesser pelvis (and become a pelvic organ)

A

after puberty

141
Q

the apex of the bladder in adults is continuous with what structure

A

the median umbilical ligament

142
Q

the median umbilical ligament is continuous with what structure
in adults

A

the apex of the bladder

143
Q

where does the median umbilical ligament extend in adults

A

posteriorly along the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall

144
Q

what extends posteriorly along the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall in adults

A

the median umbilical ligament

145
Q

from what is the epithelium of most of the male and the entire female urethra derived

A

endoderm of the urogenital sinus

146
Q

the endoderm of the urogenital sinus derives what structure

A
  • most of the male urethra

- the entire female urethra

147
Q

distal part of urethra in glans penis is derived from

A

a solid cord of ectodermal cells (which grow inwards from the tip and joins rest of spongy urethra)

148
Q

solid cord of ectodermal cells forms what structure

A

the distal part of the urethra in the glans penis (which grows inwards from tip of glans penis to rest of spongy urethra)

149
Q

how does the solid cord of ectodermal cells that forms distal part of urethra in the glans penis grow

A

grows inwards from tip of glans penis to rest of spongy urethra

150
Q

what grows inwards from tip of glans penis to rest of spongy urethra

A

a solid cord of ectodermal cells which forms the distal part of urethra in the glans penis

151
Q

from what is the terminal part of the urethra derived

A

from surface ectoderm

152
Q

surface ectoderm will form

A

the epithelium of the terminal part of the urethra

153
Q

connective tissue and smooth muscle of urethra for both sexes is derived from

A

splanchnic mesenchyme

154
Q

splanchnic mesenchyme will form the

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle of the urethra for both sexes

renal (3 decks)

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