EMBODIMENT ESSAY Flashcards
1
Q
Who came up with the idea of a male gaze and ‘to-be-looked-at-ness?
A
Mulvey, 1975
2
Q
Who argues that the nude body is now the focus on female empowerment?
A
McDonald, 2000
3
Q
Who came up with the Girlfriend Gaze?
A
Winch, 2012
4
Q
Who came up with hegemonic masculinity?
A
Messerschmidt/Connel (2005)
5
Q
Who wrote ‘Fit is the new Rich?’
A
Hakim (2016)
6
Q
Who wrote ‘Adjusting the cut’?
A
Twigg (2012)
7
Q
Outline paragraph 1 - male gaze
A
- female body has been an object of the male gaze - coded with ‘to-be-looked-at-ness’ (Mulvey, 1975)
- society views women as passive and men as superior (link to Berger, 1972)
- However: McDonald (2000) - female empowerment through photography - reclaiming body/power - work produced is not complicit with the male gaze
8
Q
Outline paragraph 2 - girlfriend gaze and self regulation
A
- female spectator: girlfriend gaze (Winch, 2012)
- “body image that matches the adolescent norm is a signifier of success” - restricts freedom of expression and reinforces the idea that women are objects whose worth is proportionate to her looks
- exploited as a marketing technique: distracts from patriarchal structures
- Stuart and Donaghue (2011) - adverts pressure women to look a certain way
- Bartky (1997) draws on Foucault (1977) - panopticon and self policing- CCTV, social media, magazines
- Clark (2017) gym study
- Choosing to conform (S+D) - beauty maintenance out of choice - beard (Douglas, 1966)
- focus on feminine body demonstrates a shift from women in maternal roles to femininity relating to the body and its presentation
9
Q
Outline paragraph 3 - masculinity
A
- over time masculinities change
- hegemonic masculinity (Connell, 2005)
- 80s: metrosexual
- contemporary: spornosexual (Hakim, 2016) - due to economic crisis
- Lorber and Yancy Martin (1997) - study of bodybuilders
- shows that our body practices fit within a wider framework which contributes to social inequalities
10
Q
Outline paragraph 4 - ageing bodies
A
- Twigg (2012) - adjusting the cut: dull colours, unshapely materials
- Gilleard and Higgs (2013) - beauty industry bombard people with adverts for anti-ageing creams and dyes
- adverts use younger models
- However: civil rights mean advertising has become more diversified
11
Q
Who wrote Choosing to Conform?
A
Stuart and Donaghue (2011)
12
Q
Outline introduction
A
- essay will examine the fact that embodied practiced (e.g makeup/gym) reflect and reproduce social norms
- society dictates our appearance through regulating and reinforcing social norms
- male gaze
- girlfriend gaze and self regulation
- changes in masculinities and how these changes come hand in hand with changes in social norms
- process of ageing bodies and their representation in the media
- embodied practices reflect and reproduce wider social norms to a large extent
13
Q
Outline conclusion
A
- norms are reflected and reproduced through our embodied practices
- people engage in such practices to cultivate a body which matches the norms inflicted on them
- Winch, Bartky, Foucault: bodies are subject to high levels of surveillance from friends to beauty corporations
- this effects our bodily practices (e.g makeup/gym)
- body practices reflect the norms
