ELSS 3 Flashcards
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
short term changes ( diernal )
- increased temperature in day time = increased evapotranspiration
- transpiration in sunlight due to stomata opening for gaseous exchnage
- frost in the pornings if the ground is below dew point and below freezing
- converctional prectipitation in afternoon dependent on concrete heating air
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
short term changes ( seasonal )
NH summer = SH winter
- winter = water stored as ice
- winter = lower temp = less evapotranspiration
- winter = shorter days = less time for stomata open
- winter = increased snow and hail
CARBON CYCLE
short term changes ( diernal )
daytime = photosynthesis, carbon fixed into biomass = atmospheric carbon decreacing
CARBON CYCLE
short term changes ( seasonal)
Summer = longer days = more photosynthesis in NH due to more land mass = increased NPP and decreased co2 in atmosphere
- summer = increased decomposistion = increased temperature = increased ROR = increased co2 and methane to atmosphere
-summer = sea levels rise = increased sea temp == incraesed plyoplankton photosynthesis
- increased carbonation in summer = more evaporation of acidic water = acid rain
- summer increased temp = increased covectional rainfall
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE short term changes ( glacial )
- sea levels decrease by 100-150m, due to ice forming ( glaciers + sheet ice )
- less rainfall due to leas convection, evapotranspiration, and leas moisture held in the atmosphere
CARBON CYCLE long term changes ( glacial )
- less area for vegetation growth = a decrease in biomass
- ROR decreases = less photosynthesis and more CO2 in atmosphere
- ROR decreases = less decomposition = more carbon in the soil
- oceans = lower temp and can coke more carbon, however as it’s more acidic it can harm the marine life and damage shells, when evaporated acid rain = carbonation
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Long term changes ( interglacial )
- sea levels rising due to ablation
- more rainfall = increased convection, increased evapotranspiration, increased moisture held in atmosphere ( for every 1° increase the atmosphere can hold 7% more moisture
- increased processes like run off due to increased rainfall and soil saturation
CARBON CYCLE
Long term changes ( interglacial )
- increased photosynthesis, increased NPP, more co2 fixed into the biomass
- increased decomposition due to increased ROR
- more area for vegetation to grow
- oceans holding less co2 as it’s warmer = upwelling
HUMAN IMPACTS ON WATER CYCLE
FARMING (3) and evaluation
- ploughing increases evaporation and water loss due to soil being turned over allowing a large surface area
- modern technology eg: low tillage farming reduces this - furrows ploughed downslope, increases run off for drainage channels, increasing run off and soil erosion
- less nutrients in the soil, less yeild, bad due to our growing population - crop irrigation diverts surface water from rivers to cultivated land, volume of aggriculture water is 300,000,000 m3/ year
- bad due to rapid population growth needing water
HUMAN IMPACTS ON WATER CYCLE
URBANISATION (4) and evaluation
- imperious cover and urban drainage syctems increase run off, large volumes and velocity in rivers, increasing erosion
- causes channel erosion, clogged stream channels and habitas destroed
- pollutents collected on imperious surfaces, these are washed into strams rivers and lakes
- damages habitats
- urban development of flood planes - reduces storage capacity
- increases flood risk
- deep infiltration decreases, reduces groundwater for wetlands and other vegetation
HUMAN IMPACTS ON WATER CYCLE
FORESTRY (3) and evaluation
- clear felling - harvesting timber creates temporary increased run off, reduced evapotranspiration, increasing stream discharge
- connifers have needles increasing transpiration
- evergreen and highly dense planting, increasing interception
- interception rates of sitka spruce are as high as 60% in eastern england. Howver in the upland britain, temperacture and evaporation decreases = interception halved
HUMAN IMPACTS ON CARBON CYCLE
FARMING (3) and evaluation
- carbon exchanged throigh photosynthesis less then in natural ecossystem, due to lack of biodiversity and short growing periods
- clearence of forest decreases biomass
- soil carbon storage decreases via ploughing and through harvsting with only small amounts of organic matter returned to soils
HUMAN IMPACTS ON CARBON CYCLE
URBANISATION (3) and evaluation
- removal of vegetation and replacing with urban areas = reduced organic carbon
- les plants, less photosynthesis = more co2 in atmosphere
- factories and veichals increase co2 due to burning foccil feuls
- non renewable
HUMAN IMPACTS ON CARBON CYCLE
FORESTRY (2) and evaluation
- trees are only an active carbon sink for 100 years, ater that co2 is realeased via respiration and decompostion. After trees are cut down, reforestation begins again
- great carbon skink but only lasts 80-100 years
- in a plantation mature trees obtain an average of 200tonnes/ha
- 10x higher then grassland
IMPACT ON LONG TERM ANTHROPROGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE
( water cycle )
NEW YORK =
- suffering from flooding due to 12 inchh sea level rise from 1900, low lying topogrophy and urbanisation and imperious cover = increased run off = soil erosion and drain blockages
- Yorkshire =
holbrook hall lost due to increased erosion and mass movement aided by sea level rise = more destructive waves
BANGLADESH
- deforestation = surface run off increased by 30 % due to less infiltration ( inflitration excess overland flow ) = flooding and soil erosion
IMPACT ON LONG TERM ANTHROPROGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE
( carbon cycle )
-TUNDRA
1600GT carbon stored in the soil = temperatures rise = co2 realeased by tundra soil melting a thawing, realeacing co2 and methane
TIPPING POINT
increased water temperautres in north atlantic = upwelling, ocean can store less carbon = outgassing, bad as most carbon is stored in ocean 70%
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS ( carbon cycle )
increaseed greenhouse effect = increased absorbtion of long wave radiation
-
hotter climate
- ## higher temps melt permafrost releacing 1600gt stored in soil and methane ( 20x more warming affect )co2 into atomsphere, incfeased Greenhouse effect
-
increased climate
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS ( water cycle )
1.
ice melts = warming affect amplified due to less ice
-
further sea level rise
increased cloud cover
-
water vapor = greenhouse gas
increased temp
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS ( carbon cycle )
1.
plants grow in new areas eg: tundra
-
more co2 absorbed, decreased co2 in atmosphere as npp increased 600, decreasing warming
co2 taken through photosynthesis
-
co2 levels decrease
co2 levels decreased due to photosynthesis
-
rate of warming decreases, ROR recreases
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS ( water cycle )
increased river flow due to precipitation
-
more water store in rocks
= decreased evaporation
