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els - kco > ELS 2ND QTR Q1 > Flashcards

ELS 2ND QTR Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the study of life

A

biology

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2
Q

it means life

A

bio

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3
Q

it means logos

A

study

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4
Q

it deals w the structures, fucntions, and relationships of living organisms w the environment

A

biology

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5
Q

it is the basic and smallest unit of life

A

cells

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6
Q

what can work with one cell only

A

unicellular organism

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7
Q

these r cells that work together

A

tissues

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8
Q

it supports, protects, and gives structures to other tissues and organs

A

connective tissues

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9
Q

types of connective tissues: 6

B L A C B D

A

blood
loose
adipose
cartilage
bone
dense

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10
Q

connective tissue that contains and attaches to organs

A

loose connective tissue

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11
Q

connective tissue that is highly elastic and fills the gap between internal organs. it binds muscle cells to the underlying tissues

  • areolar and adipose
A

loose connective tissue

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12
Q

connective tissues where ligaments and tendons fall under

A

dense

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13
Q

connective tissue that is made up of thick collagen fibers and has compressed cells

A

dense

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14
Q

it is a connective tissue that is found in areas where tensile strength is required

A

dense

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15
Q

it is a connective tissue that is more on blood. it has wide ranging properties

A

fluid connective tissues

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16
Q

it is a connective tissue that has a variety of distinct tissues with specialized cells

A

fluid connective tissues

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17
Q

a type os tissue where most are protective coverage which can be inside or outside

A

epithelial tissue

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18
Q

3 types of epithelial

A

squamous - flat
cuboidal - cube
columnar - columned, upward

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of layers in epithelial tissue

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

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20
Q

what do u call it when an epithelial tissue only has one layer

A

simple

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21
Q

what do u call it when an epithelial tissue has 2 or more layers

A

stratified

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22
Q

what do u call it when an epithelial tissue one layer but the nucleus are different heights which makes it look like it has multiple layers

A

pseudostratified

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23
Q

pseudostratified layers are usually found in what type of epithelial tissue

A

columnar

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24
Q

under epithelial tissues, what is seen in the urinary bladder and it changes shape

A

transitional

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25
Q

what r the 3 muscle tissues

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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26
Q

this type of muscle tissue is attached to the skeleton

A

skeletal

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27
Q

this msucle tissue is an example of a voluntary muscle

A

skeletal

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28
Q

this type of muscle tissue is non striated and anucleated. it is also involuntary. it is the covering of internal organs

A

smooth

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29
Q

this type of muscle tissue is the muscle of the heart and is striated.

A

cardiac

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30
Q

this type of tissue is for sending out info

A

nervous tissue

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31
Q

t or f

nerve tissues r irreplaceable

A

t

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32
Q

it is a type of tissue that is important in transmissions from one cell to another

A

nervous tissue

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33
Q

these are tissues that work together

A

organs

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34
Q

different organs that work in the same function are called?

A

organsystem

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35
Q

how many organ systems are there

A

11

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36
Q

2 or more organs that work together are

A

organ systems

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37
Q

this has the largest organ of the body and forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain

A

integumentary

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38
Q

2 types of musculoskeletal system

A

muscular and skeletal

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39
Q

it is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers and are responsible for movemnet

A

muscular system

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40
Q

it has the fibia, patella, humerus, fibula, skull and is the bodys central framwwork

A

skeletal system

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41
Q

it sens mesages back and forth between the brain and the body

A

nervous system

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42
Q

it is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart

A

circulatory system

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43
Q

it is the renal system and removes wste from blood in the form of urine

A

urinary system

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44
Q

provides adequate blood flow to all parts of the body

A

cardiovascular system

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45
Q

it is used for gas exchange between plants and animals and it is to breathe

A

respiratory system

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46
Q

it breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrats, fats, and proteins

A

digestive system

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47
Q

unused materials are discarded as what in the digestive system??

A

feces

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48
Q

Broken down food can be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for?

A

energy, growth, and repair

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49
Q

this is also known as the immune system

A

lympathic system

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50
Q

it proctetcs u from infection and keeps a healthy balance of fluids thru out ur body

A

lympathic

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51
Q

itcontains the ovary and testes

A

REproductive system

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52
Q

it contorls everything and is made up of all the bodys diff hormones

A

endocrine system

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53
Q

it regulates all biological processes in the body

A

endocrine system

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54
Q

the same orgaisms that live tgt is called a?

A

population

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55
Q

diff populations that live tgt is a ?

A

community

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56
Q

place where a community lives is an?

A

ecosystem

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57
Q

these are biotic organisms

A

living things

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58
Q

living things are classified into 3

A

animals plants and microorganisms

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59
Q

who is the father of genetics

A

gregory mendel

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60
Q

this is naming and classifying organsims

A

taxonomy

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61
Q

what is inlcuded in taxonomy (7)

K P C O F G S

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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62
Q

named organisms
with binomial
nomenclature

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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63
Q

who is the Father of Taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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64
Q

binomial names are composed of 2 parts

A

generic or genus name
specific name

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65
Q

what is the scientific name of humans

A

homo sapiens

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66
Q

is is the study of formation and development of organisms

A

embryology

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67
Q

is the study of marcomolecules (biomolecules)

A

biochemistry

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68
Q

it is the study of microorganism

A

microbiology

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69
Q

study of animals

A

zoologoy

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70
Q

study of plants

A

botany

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71
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

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72
Q

study of structures

A

anatomy

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73
Q

study of orgini of organisms

A

evolution

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74
Q

stufy of fucntions of an organ

A

physiology

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75
Q

study of heredity and varation

A

genetics

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76
Q

study of relationships between humans and their environment

A

ecology

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77
Q

study of organisms w technology

A

biotechnology

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78
Q

living things come from non livng things

A

abiogenesis

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79
Q

life arose from non-living material if it was triggered by pneuma (heat)

Called “Spontaneous generation”

A

abiogenesis

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80
Q

means life coming from life

A

biogenesis

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81
Q

said that dead maggots or flied would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, whereas live maggots or flies would

A

francesco redi

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82
Q

he tried to imitate francesco redi by doing the gravy experiment and separated it into groups

enclosed didnt have microorganisms till it was opened

opened had microorganisms

A

lazarro spallanzani

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83
Q

he debunked the theory of abiogenesis. used a u shaped flask

A

louis pasteur

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84
Q

father of pasteurization?

A

louis pasteur

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85
Q

he ONLY said that life begins from a series of chemical reactions but he didnt actually do smth abt it

A

alexander oparin

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86
Q

they proved oparins theory on abiogensis by using inorganic substance and emersed it with high energy

A

harold urey and stanley miller

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87
Q

he briefly boiled a broth mixture and then cooled it in an open container to room temp.

A

john needham

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88
Q

he proposed the panspermia/cosmozoic theory which says that life came from outerspace

A

hermann richter

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89
Q

this is the basic structure of the body

A

cell

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90
Q

cells can either be?

A

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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91
Q

an organism is either?

A

multi or unicellular

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92
Q

these are examples of what? Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists

A

unicellular organisms

93
Q

these are examples of what?
○ Fungi
○ Plants
○ Animals

A

Most complex beings

94
Q

This refers to when the growth is from inside to outside

A

Organisms intussusception

95
Q

is in non-living things and goes outside to inside

A

Accretion

96
Q

this define stages in an organism
and there are changes not only in size

A

Development

97
Q

reproduction can either be?

A

sexual or asexual

98
Q

it is the transfer of traits and DNA thru Heredity

A

reproduction

99
Q

it is the sum of all chemical and physical reactions in a body

A

metabolism

100
Q

the gathering and usage of energy

A

metabolism

101
Q

TYPES OF METABOLISM

A

catabolism and anabolism

102
Q

the breaking down state in metabolism

A

catabolism

103
Q

the building up state in metabolism

A

anabolism

104
Q

homeo means?

A

balance

105
Q

stasis means?

A

state

106
Q

types of homeostasis

A

negative n postiive feedback

107
Q

this is when u try to regulate or balance out

A

negative feed back

108
Q

this is an amplification or is when the force goes to that area

A

positive feedback

109
Q

this is the respond to stimuli of plants

A

tropism

110
Q

it is when it moves towards the stimulus

A

positive tropism

111
Q

it is when it moves away from the stimulus

A

negative tropism

112
Q

this is the reaction height

A

phototropism

113
Q

this is the reaction to chemicals

A

chemotropism

114
Q

this is the reaction to water

A

hydrotropism

115
Q

has same structure but diff function

A

homologous structures

116
Q

same function but diff structures

A

analogous structure

117
Q

this is non functional

A

vestigial organs

118
Q

they believed that organisms tend to undergo changes over a period of time

A

empedocles

119
Q

proponent of stages in embryology

A

pierre de maupertuis

120
Q

proponent of homologous and analogous

A

karl von linne

121
Q

proponent that said species change gradually

A

jean baptiste lamarck

122
Q

theories by jean baptise lamarck

A

theory of need
theory of use and disuse
theory of acquired inhertiance

123
Q

states that when need arises,
organisms tend to evolve

A

theory of need

124
Q

states that if an organ part is used, it will be enhanced, if not
used, it will be gone

A

Theory of use and disuse

125
Q

states that characteristics were transferred from parents to offspring

A

Theory of acquired inheritance

126
Q

he coined the term cell

A

robert hooke

127
Q

he is the father of microbiology

A

antonie van leeuwenhoek

128
Q

what is his theory

Matthias Schleiden (1838)

A

all plants r made up of cells

129
Q

Theodor Schwann (1839) ssid what?

A

all animals are made up of cells

130
Q

Rudolf Virchow (1855) said what

A

all cells came from pre exisitng cells

131
Q

these are small organs

A

organelles

132
Q

this type of cell has no nucleus

A

prokaryote

133
Q

this type of cell can be multi or unicellular

A

eukaryote

134
Q

this is always unicellular

A

prokaryote

135
Q

this cell has membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryote

136
Q

this cell is bigger

A

eukaryote

137
Q

this cells reproduction is in the form of binary fission or asexual

A

prokaryote

138
Q

these r the small organs inside a cell

A

cell organelles

139
Q

these are locomotory, propeller like motion, whip like, and has tail like structures

A

flagella

140
Q

these are locomotory, they move back and forth, has hair like structures, is used in motion, and in increasing rate of absorption

A

cilia

141
Q

this encloses the cell and monitors what comes in and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

142
Q

controls the transport system of the cell

A

cell membrane

143
Q

what model is singer and nicolson’s

A

fluid mosaic model

144
Q

model that looks like patches

A

fluid mosaic model

145
Q

phospholipids contain?

A

Hydrophilic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tails

146
Q

The tails in phospholipid are very important for the solubility of ?

A

fat soluble vitamins

147
Q

what vitamins can easily dissolve in between the Phospholipid Bilayer?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

148
Q

these r also known as protein channels

A

transport proteins

149
Q

these r used for the passageway of materials esp large molecules

A

transport proteins

150
Q

these r the sugar coating above cell membranes

A

glycolipids

151
Q

This is the second main part of the cell

A

cytoplasm

152
Q

this contains water and nutrients and is where organelles float

A

cytoplasm

153
Q

where is the cytoskeleton seen

A

cytoplasm

154
Q

this acts like the skeleton of the cell

A

cytoskeleton

155
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
intermidiate filaments
mictroubules

156
Q

actin myosin filaments
structural and moving
tension element

A

microfilaments

157
Q

structural integrity and tensile strength
not too thick nor too thin

A

Intermidiate filaments

158
Q

thick
seen in mitotic spindle
(centrioles in the cell cycle will produce spindle fibers which are microtubules)
flagella and cilia
9+2 dimer

A

Microtubules

159
Q

this carries stuff around in the cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum

160
Q

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

SMOOTH ER and ROUGH ER

161
Q

type of er that lacks ribosomes

A

smooth

162
Q

type of er with flat shape

A

rough

163
Q

what is the shape of a smooth er

A

tubular

164
Q

er that is Very important in protein synthesis because ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis

A

rough

165
Q

er that is impt for lipid synthesis, cell detoxication, and storage of ion

A

smooth

166
Q

er that helps w secretion of insulin

A

rough

167
Q

er that is Found in the liver of a person because it is the detox part of a person

A

smooth

168
Q

it converts hydrogen peroxide into water for the
body to consume.

A

peroxisomes

169
Q

it is the protein factory

A

ribosome

170
Q

ribosomes are found where when it is free

A

cytoplasm

171
Q

ribosomes are found where when it is attached

A

in the rough er

172
Q

where are ribosomes produced

A

in the nucleolus

173
Q

it is the packaging site or where packages or proteins are sorted out

A

golgi apparatus

174
Q

proponent of golgi body

A

camillo golgi

175
Q

this ships products from the golgi appaaratus

A

vesicles

176
Q

this is the form of defense in the cell

A

lysosome

177
Q

this has enzyme sacs and is seen in the WBC

A

lysosomes

178
Q

it is the primary defense of the body

A

white blood cells

179
Q

types of white blood cells

N E B L M

A

neutrophils
eocinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

180
Q

wbc that helps in phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

181
Q

wbc that fights parasitic infections

A

eocinophils

182
Q

wbc that fights inflammatory and allergy reactions

A

basophils

183
Q

wbc specifc for immune system response

A

lymphocytes

184
Q

wbc that fights bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the body

A

monocytes

185
Q

it is at the center of the cell and it is its control center

A

nucleus

186
Q

this is the covering of the nucleus

A

nuclear membrane

187
Q

these r the pores that make it possible for water to go in and out of the nuclear membrane

A

aquaporins

188
Q

this is the fluid portion inside the nuclear membrane

A

nucleoplasm

189
Q

it is found in the center of the nucleus

A

nucleolus

190
Q

this makes the RNA and ribosomes

A

nucleolus

191
Q

it is the powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

192
Q

where we get energy

A

mitochondria

193
Q

what produces atp

A

mitochondria

194
Q

what does atp mean

A

adenosine triphosphate

195
Q

it is made up of cellulose and lignin

A

cell wall

196
Q

this does not allow the escape of water in plants

A

cell wall

197
Q

this cannot be digested by humans bc we dont have cellulase

A

cellulose

198
Q

what do bacterias have that is very impt in staining?

A

peptidoglycan

199
Q

single layered cell wall, has thick peptidoglycan, rigid and stronger

A

gram positive bacteria

200
Q

double layer cell wall and is resistant to antibiotics

A

gram negative bacteria

201
Q

these make and store needed compounds

A

plastids

202
Q

this holds the chloroplast and is non fucntional but gives color

A

plastids

203
Q

types of plastids

A

chromoplasts
chloroplasts
leucoplasts

204
Q

gives color to fruits

A

chromoplasts

205
Q

green pigments and impt in photosynthesis. it is the site for photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

206
Q

it is colorless like amyloplasts and proteinoplasts

A

leucoplasts

207
Q

this is the storage of water, organic compositions, and enzymes

A

vaculoes

208
Q

part of animal and plant cell that has active and passive transport

A

cell membrane

209
Q

transport that does not use atp and movement is from high to low concentration

A

passive

210
Q

3 types of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

211
Q

it is the scattering of particles and commonly tries to find the equilibrium state.

A

diffusion

212
Q

it is the movement of water. is impt in plants and fruits

A

osmosis

213
Q

it uses protein channels but not atp. used when cells are too big

A

facilitated diffusion

214
Q

it is the strength of a solution

A

cell tonicity

215
Q

3 types of cell tonicity

A

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

216
Q

Equal amount of solute and solvent
and There is no reaction

A

isotonic

217
Q

Higher concentration of solute than solvent

The water is moving out of the cell because there is more water inside. Because of this, the cell will shrink and dehydrate.

A

hypertonic

218
Q

High solvent, less solute

Expands so there will be a
bursting of the cell which is called
Cytolysis

A

hypotonic

219
Q

this uses energy and the movement is low to high concentration

A

active transport

220
Q

2 types of active transport

A

bulk transport and sodium potassium pump

221
Q

this is impt in muscles and has lock and key model

A

sodium potassium pump

222
Q

it is for muscle contraction and movement

A

sodium potassium pump

223
Q

less amount of potassium in the body,
you can die because of this because the muscles will tend not to move

A

Hypocalimia

224
Q

happens simultaneously
ex: when theres dust, the nose will allow it to enter our body (Endocytosis) and then there will be a reaction which is a sneeze (Exocytosis).

A

bulk transport

225
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis

226
Q

endocytosis that is cell eating and solid

A

phagocytosis

227
Q

endocytosis that is for water absorption

A

pinocytosis

228
Q

endocytosis used in the concepts of vaccines and antihistamines

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

229
Q

it is the expelling out stage and produces mucus

A

exocytosis

els - kco (3 decks)

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