ELS 2ND QTR Q1 Flashcards
It is the study of life
biology
it means life
bio
it means logos
study
it deals w the structures, fucntions, and relationships of living organisms w the environment
biology
it is the basic and smallest unit of life
cells
what can work with one cell only
unicellular organism
these r cells that work together
tissues
it supports, protects, and gives structures to other tissues and organs
connective tissues
types of connective tissues: 6
B L A C B D
blood
loose
adipose
cartilage
bone
dense
connective tissue that contains and attaches to organs
loose connective tissue
connective tissue that is highly elastic and fills the gap between internal organs. it binds muscle cells to the underlying tissues
- areolar and adipose
loose connective tissue
connective tissues where ligaments and tendons fall under
dense
connective tissue that is made up of thick collagen fibers and has compressed cells
dense
it is a connective tissue that is found in areas where tensile strength is required
dense
it is a connective tissue that is more on blood. it has wide ranging properties
fluid connective tissues
it is a connective tissue that has a variety of distinct tissues with specialized cells
fluid connective tissues
a type os tissue where most are protective coverage which can be inside or outside
epithelial tissue
3 types of epithelial
squamous - flat
cuboidal - cube
columnar - columned, upward
what are the 3 types of layers in epithelial tissue
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
what do u call it when an epithelial tissue only has one layer
simple
what do u call it when an epithelial tissue has 2 or more layers
stratified
what do u call it when an epithelial tissue one layer but the nucleus are different heights which makes it look like it has multiple layers
pseudostratified
pseudostratified layers are usually found in what type of epithelial tissue
columnar
under epithelial tissues, what is seen in the urinary bladder and it changes shape
transitional
what r the 3 muscle tissues
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
this type of muscle tissue is attached to the skeleton
skeletal
this msucle tissue is an example of a voluntary muscle
skeletal
this type of muscle tissue is non striated and anucleated. it is also involuntary. it is the covering of internal organs
smooth
this type of muscle tissue is the muscle of the heart and is striated.
cardiac
this type of tissue is for sending out info
nervous tissue
t or f
nerve tissues r irreplaceable
t
it is a type of tissue that is important in transmissions from one cell to another
nervous tissue
these are tissues that work together
organs
different organs that work in the same function are called?
organsystem
how many organ systems are there
11
2 or more organs that work together are
organ systems
this has the largest organ of the body and forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain
integumentary
2 types of musculoskeletal system
muscular and skeletal
it is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers and are responsible for movemnet
muscular system
it has the fibia, patella, humerus, fibula, skull and is the bodys central framwwork
skeletal system
it sens mesages back and forth between the brain and the body
nervous system
it is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart
circulatory system
it is the renal system and removes wste from blood in the form of urine
urinary system
provides adequate blood flow to all parts of the body
cardiovascular system
it is used for gas exchange between plants and animals and it is to breathe
respiratory system
it breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrats, fats, and proteins
digestive system
unused materials are discarded as what in the digestive system??
feces
Broken down food can be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for?
energy, growth, and repair
this is also known as the immune system
lympathic system
it proctetcs u from infection and keeps a healthy balance of fluids thru out ur body
lympathic
itcontains the ovary and testes
REproductive system
it contorls everything and is made up of all the bodys diff hormones
endocrine system
it regulates all biological processes in the body
endocrine system
the same orgaisms that live tgt is called a?
population
diff populations that live tgt is a ?
community
place where a community lives is an?
ecosystem
these are biotic organisms
living things
living things are classified into 3
animals plants and microorganisms
who is the father of genetics
gregory mendel
this is naming and classifying organsims
taxonomy
what is inlcuded in taxonomy (7)
K P C O F G S
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
named organisms
with binomial
nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
who is the Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
binomial names are composed of 2 parts
generic or genus name
specific name
what is the scientific name of humans
homo sapiens
is is the study of formation and development of organisms
embryology
is the study of marcomolecules (biomolecules)
biochemistry
it is the study of microorganism
microbiology
study of animals
zoologoy
study of plants
botany
study of cells
cytology
study of structures
anatomy
study of orgini of organisms
evolution
stufy of fucntions of an organ
physiology
study of heredity and varation
genetics
study of relationships between humans and their environment
ecology
study of organisms w technology
biotechnology
living things come from non livng things
abiogenesis
life arose from non-living material if it was triggered by pneuma (heat)
Called “Spontaneous generation”
abiogenesis
means life coming from life
biogenesis
said that dead maggots or flied would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, whereas live maggots or flies would
francesco redi
he tried to imitate francesco redi by doing the gravy experiment and separated it into groups
enclosed didnt have microorganisms till it was opened
opened had microorganisms
lazarro spallanzani
he debunked the theory of abiogenesis. used a u shaped flask
louis pasteur
father of pasteurization?
louis pasteur
he ONLY said that life begins from a series of chemical reactions but he didnt actually do smth abt it
alexander oparin
they proved oparins theory on abiogensis by using inorganic substance and emersed it with high energy
harold urey and stanley miller
he briefly boiled a broth mixture and then cooled it in an open container to room temp.
john needham
he proposed the panspermia/cosmozoic theory which says that life came from outerspace
hermann richter
this is the basic structure of the body
cell
cells can either be?
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
an organism is either?
multi or unicellular
these are examples of what? Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
unicellular organisms
these are examples of what?
○ Fungi
○ Plants
○ Animals
Most complex beings
This refers to when the growth is from inside to outside
Organisms intussusception
is in non-living things and goes outside to inside
Accretion
this define stages in an organism
and there are changes not only in size
Development
reproduction can either be?
sexual or asexual
it is the transfer of traits and DNA thru Heredity
reproduction
it is the sum of all chemical and physical reactions in a body
metabolism
the gathering and usage of energy
metabolism
TYPES OF METABOLISM
catabolism and anabolism
the breaking down state in metabolism
catabolism
the building up state in metabolism
anabolism
homeo means?
balance
stasis means?
state
types of homeostasis
negative n postiive feedback
this is when u try to regulate or balance out
negative feed back
this is an amplification or is when the force goes to that area
positive feedback
this is the respond to stimuli of plants
tropism
it is when it moves towards the stimulus
positive tropism
it is when it moves away from the stimulus
negative tropism
this is the reaction height
phototropism
this is the reaction to chemicals
chemotropism
this is the reaction to water
hydrotropism
has same structure but diff function
homologous structures
same function but diff structures
analogous structure
this is non functional
vestigial organs
they believed that organisms tend to undergo changes over a period of time
empedocles
proponent of stages in embryology
pierre de maupertuis
proponent of homologous and analogous
karl von linne
proponent that said species change gradually
jean baptiste lamarck
theories by jean baptise lamarck
theory of need
theory of use and disuse
theory of acquired inhertiance
states that when need arises,
organisms tend to evolve
theory of need
states that if an organ part is used, it will be enhanced, if not
used, it will be gone
Theory of use and disuse
states that characteristics were transferred from parents to offspring
Theory of acquired inheritance
he coined the term cell
robert hooke
he is the father of microbiology
antonie van leeuwenhoek
what is his theory
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
all plants r made up of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839) ssid what?
all animals are made up of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1855) said what
all cells came from pre exisitng cells
these are small organs
organelles
this type of cell has no nucleus
prokaryote
this type of cell can be multi or unicellular
eukaryote
this is always unicellular
prokaryote
this cell has membrane bound organelles
eukaryote
this cell is bigger
eukaryote
this cells reproduction is in the form of binary fission or asexual
prokaryote
these r the small organs inside a cell
cell organelles
these are locomotory, propeller like motion, whip like, and has tail like structures
flagella
these are locomotory, they move back and forth, has hair like structures, is used in motion, and in increasing rate of absorption
cilia
this encloses the cell and monitors what comes in and out of the cell
cell membrane
controls the transport system of the cell
cell membrane
what model is singer and nicolson’s
fluid mosaic model
model that looks like patches
fluid mosaic model
phospholipids contain?
Hydrophilic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tails
The tails in phospholipid are very important for the solubility of ?
fat soluble vitamins
what vitamins can easily dissolve in between the Phospholipid Bilayer?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
these r also known as protein channels
transport proteins
these r used for the passageway of materials esp large molecules
transport proteins
these r the sugar coating above cell membranes
glycolipids
This is the second main part of the cell
cytoplasm
this contains water and nutrients and is where organelles float
cytoplasm
where is the cytoskeleton seen
cytoplasm
this acts like the skeleton of the cell
cytoskeleton
3 types of cytoskeleton
microfilaments
intermidiate filaments
mictroubules
actin myosin filaments
structural and moving
tension element
microfilaments
structural integrity and tensile strength
not too thick nor too thin
Intermidiate filaments
thick
seen in mitotic spindle
(centrioles in the cell cycle will produce spindle fibers which are microtubules)
flagella and cilia
9+2 dimer
Microtubules
this carries stuff around in the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
SMOOTH ER and ROUGH ER
type of er that lacks ribosomes
smooth
type of er with flat shape
rough
what is the shape of a smooth er
tubular
er that is Very important in protein synthesis because ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis
rough
er that is impt for lipid synthesis, cell detoxication, and storage of ion
smooth
er that helps w secretion of insulin
rough
er that is Found in the liver of a person because it is the detox part of a person
smooth
it converts hydrogen peroxide into water for the
body to consume.
peroxisomes
it is the protein factory
ribosome
ribosomes are found where when it is free
cytoplasm
ribosomes are found where when it is attached
in the rough er
where are ribosomes produced
in the nucleolus
it is the packaging site or where packages or proteins are sorted out
golgi apparatus
proponent of golgi body
camillo golgi
this ships products from the golgi appaaratus
vesicles
this is the form of defense in the cell
lysosome
this has enzyme sacs and is seen in the WBC
lysosomes
it is the primary defense of the body
white blood cells
types of white blood cells
N E B L M
neutrophils
eocinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
wbc that helps in phagocytosis
neutrophils
wbc that fights parasitic infections
eocinophils
wbc that fights inflammatory and allergy reactions
basophils
wbc specifc for immune system response
lymphocytes
wbc that fights bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the body
monocytes
it is at the center of the cell and it is its control center
nucleus
this is the covering of the nucleus
nuclear membrane
these r the pores that make it possible for water to go in and out of the nuclear membrane
aquaporins
this is the fluid portion inside the nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm
it is found in the center of the nucleus
nucleolus
this makes the RNA and ribosomes
nucleolus
it is the powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
where we get energy
mitochondria
what produces atp
mitochondria
what does atp mean
adenosine triphosphate
it is made up of cellulose and lignin
cell wall
this does not allow the escape of water in plants
cell wall
this cannot be digested by humans bc we dont have cellulase
cellulose
what do bacterias have that is very impt in staining?
peptidoglycan
single layered cell wall, has thick peptidoglycan, rigid and stronger
gram positive bacteria
double layer cell wall and is resistant to antibiotics
gram negative bacteria
these make and store needed compounds
plastids
this holds the chloroplast and is non fucntional but gives color
plastids
types of plastids
chromoplasts
chloroplasts
leucoplasts
gives color to fruits
chromoplasts
green pigments and impt in photosynthesis. it is the site for photosynthesis
chloroplasts
it is colorless like amyloplasts and proteinoplasts
leucoplasts
this is the storage of water, organic compositions, and enzymes
vaculoes
part of animal and plant cell that has active and passive transport
cell membrane
transport that does not use atp and movement is from high to low concentration
passive
3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
it is the scattering of particles and commonly tries to find the equilibrium state.
diffusion
it is the movement of water. is impt in plants and fruits
osmosis
it uses protein channels but not atp. used when cells are too big
facilitated diffusion
it is the strength of a solution
cell tonicity
3 types of cell tonicity
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Equal amount of solute and solvent
and There is no reaction
isotonic
Higher concentration of solute than solvent
The water is moving out of the cell because there is more water inside. Because of this, the cell will shrink and dehydrate.
hypertonic
High solvent, less solute
Expands so there will be a
bursting of the cell which is called
Cytolysis
hypotonic
this uses energy and the movement is low to high concentration
active transport
2 types of active transport
bulk transport and sodium potassium pump
this is impt in muscles and has lock and key model
sodium potassium pump
it is for muscle contraction and movement
sodium potassium pump
less amount of potassium in the body,
you can die because of this because the muscles will tend not to move
Hypocalimia
happens simultaneously
ex: when theres dust, the nose will allow it to enter our body (Endocytosis) and then there will be a reaction which is a sneeze (Exocytosis).
bulk transport
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
endocytosis that is cell eating and solid
phagocytosis
endocytosis that is for water absorption
pinocytosis
endocytosis used in the concepts of vaccines and antihistamines
receptor mediated endocytosis
it is the expelling out stage and produces mucus
exocytosis
