2ND QUARTER EXAM Flashcards
bios means?
LIFE
logos means?
STUDY
deals with the structures, functions and relationships of living organisms with the environment
BIOLOGY
Life would start with the basic structure which is the ?
CELL
most basic unit of life
CELLS
Single-celled organism
one cell
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
UNICELLULAR
Consist more than one cell
Plants
Fungi
Animals
MULTICELLULAR
A level of organization in multicellular organisms
group of cells that are working together
TISSUES
Group of tissues working together
ORGAN SYSTEMS
HOW MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS DO WE HAVE
11
Creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
protective coverings— inside and out. It could be found inside the lining of our intestines and other internal organs. it could also be found outside just like the skin.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Are flat and sheet-like in appearance
Flat thin shapes
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Are cube-like in appearance, meaning they have equal width, height and depth
Cuboidal Epithelium
Are column-like in appearance, meaning they are taller than they are wide
Columnar Epithelium
there’s only one layer of cells
Simple
made up of more than one layer of cells
Stratified
made up of closely packed cells that appear to be arranged in layers because they’re different
Pseudostratified
made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched.
Transitional Epithelium
Underlies and supports other tissue types
It connects
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
loosely compacted tissues
Contracts to initiate movement in the tissue
They form the subcutaneous layer under the skin along with adipose tissues, attaching muscles and other structures to the skin.
Loose Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue
Denses
Cartilage
Specialized Bone
Loose Connective Tissue
: They are present under the skin and store fat. It acts as a shock absorber and helps in maintaining body temperature in colder environments.
Adipose Tissue
they protect kidneys and are also found at the back of the eye, in the hump of camels, blubber of whales, etc.
white adipose tissues
these are found in infants, polar bears, penguins and other animals found in cold regions. It contains more mitochondria and generates 20 times more heat as compared to the other fat. It releases metabolic heat.
brown adipose tissues
fibroblast cells and fibers are compactly packed
Their main function is to support and transmit mechanical forces.
They are somewhat less flexible than loose connective tissue.
Dense Connective Tissue
There are supportive connective tissues that help in maintaining correct posture and support internal organs, e.g. cartilage and bone.
Special / Fluid Connective Tissue
There are about 600 muscles in the human body.
It has a range of functions from pumping blood and supporting movement.
These movements may be voluntary or involuntary.
MUSCLE TISSUES
Muscle of the heart
Only covering walls of the heart
Are usually involuntary muscles
They are striated, branched, and uninucleated
CARDIAC
Organs
Usually covering wall of internal organs
Are usually involuntary muscles
They are non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated
SMOOTH MUSCLE
It is attached to skeletons
Are usually voluntary muscles
They are striated, tubular, and multi nucleated
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems
Sending out informations in the body
NERVOUS TISSUE
- Group of tissues working together
ORGANS
Different organs that work in the same functions
Group of organs with related functions make up the different organ systems
ORGAN SYSTEMS
An individual living thing which exhibits all the properties of life
What makes up organ systems
ORGANISM
Group of organism that live together
All organisms of the same group or species that live in a specific area and are capable of breeding among themselves
POPULATION
Group of different populations
An interacting group of various species in a common location
COMMUNITY
How we thrive living together with the living and nonliving things
Is a structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment
ECOSYSTEM
WHAT R 3 Biotic organisms
Microorganism
Animals
Plants
Study of microorganisms
MICROBIOLOGY
Study of animals
ZOOLOGY
STUDY OF PLANTS
BOTANY
NAMING AND CLASSIFTING ORGANISMS
TAXONOMY
Father of Taxonomy
He named organisms by Binomial Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
A two-term naming system for living things
Genus and species
Homosapies (humans)
Binomial Nomenclature
Study of cells
They look at what cells are present or not present
Cytology
Formation and development of organisms
How this structure would be formed
Is there a relationship? Are they the same in structure?
How organisms develop
Embryology
Structures and body parts
How you describe it
Anatomy
Functions of organisms and its parts
Looking on the deep function of it
Physiology
Biological composition
Talks about and examines the 4 macromolecules
Biochemistry
Hereditary and variation
Transfer of hereditary and variation
Genetics
Origin of organisms
Evolution
Study of relationship of organism with the environment
Ecology
New and thriving study
Combination of the study of technology and biology
Biotechnology
Adam and Eve
Through God
DIVINE CREATION THEORY
Non living forms living things
ABIOGENESIS
ABIOGENESIS CAME FROM?
Ancient, Egyptians, and Aristotle
Proposes that the conditions prevailing on earth, life arose from a series of chemical conditions or reactions
The first form of life came from a pre existing and non organic molecule
they didn’t prove anything and it was just a story
ALEXANDER OPARIN AND HALDANE
WHO DID THIS
heat the gravy, I will cover it, even if it is covered, an organism will come out
There are possibilities that has been missing in this experiment
the fire is weak so the microorganisms present in the gravy or soup are not completely killed so some are still alive
JOHN NEEDHAM
They did the theory of Oparin and Haldane
From a non living thing, they used an array or an experiment. With this, they were able to create life.
They used an activator which is lightning. When energy was released, it evolved.
This somehow supports the claim of abiogenesis theory
Harold Urey and Stanley Miller Experiment
Experimented with fruit flies
He set up 3 jars with meat: opened, tightly sealed, and covered.
He demonstrated that dead maggots or flies would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, whereas live maggots or flies would.
Francesco Redi
Life coming from life
BIOGENESIS
Experimented with gravy
Boiled the gravy: open and closed
Open: has microorganisms
Closed: no microorganisms
The stronger the fire, the longer he heated it, so the microorganisms died, and when he opened it, there were microorganisms.
He showed that it is not an inherent feature of matter and that it can be destroyed by an hour of boiling
Lazzaro Spallanzi
Father of Pasteurization process
He debunked the theory of abiogenesis
He used a u-shaped. He heated it and opened it.
when he saw, those inside had no organisms because of the distance they had traveled. organisms lived in a u-shape. when he destroyed it was spoiled. The microorganisms have come out of it because they could easily enter.
Louis Pasteur
WHO PROPOSED THE Panspermia Theory
Proposed by Svants Arrhenius
Also known as the Cosmozoic Theory
Panspermia Theory
Refers to the increase in all parts of the body brought by the tissues, division, or enlargement.
Practically, it increases in size.
GROWTH
Non living things also grow through the process of —.
It is from outside.
ACCRETION
A living organism grows inside going out. It is because our practice is intussusception. We would eat, take the nutrients from it, and from the inside going out.
INTUSSUSCEPTION
Define stages in an organism.
In a life cycle which is accompanied by changes.
There are certain changes in the specie or an organism
Humans would start from babies, toddlers, kids, adolescents, adults, and old age.
DEVELOPMENT
Is trying to ensure that organisms would succeed in number
It’s the production of new cells, either sexual or asexual reproduction
Ensure the transfer of traits through heredity
Transfer of DNA
REPRODUCTION
There’s a use of 2 individuals contributing their cells to produce an individual to their kind
There’s an interaction, there’s a coitus or sex
Sexual Reproduction
An organism makes a copy of itself
Commonly in the lower forms
asexual reproduction
Sum of all chemical and physical reactions in the body that allows organisms to grow and retain its structure through nutrient update, processing, and waste elimination.
metabolism
Building state
Anabolism
Breaking down state
Catabolism
Keeping the balance
homeostasis
homeo means?
balance
stasis means
state
You are trying to regulate, maintain, and balance a level
negative feedback
Exact opposite of Negative Feedback
It doesn’t regulate but exemplifies
It requires more of that one
Positive Feedback
Organism tends to be sensitive in response to change
RESPOND TO STIMULI
Respond to stimuli in plants
Tropism
Phototropism:
Hydrotropism:
Gravitropism:
Chemotropism:
Phototropism: light
Hydrotropism: water
Gravitropism: gravity
Chemotropism: chemicals
Moving toward the stimulus
Positive Tropism
Moving away from the stimulus
Negative Tropism
Survival of the fittest in the natural selection
Capability of an organism to make adjustments or adapt to the environment which led to the diversity of the organisms
ADAPT THROUGH EVOLUTION
Change is permanent
evolution
Same structure but different function
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE
Same function but different in structure
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE
Non functional structure
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE
Is a naturalist
Believed that organisms tend to undergo changes over the period of time
Organisms always improve
Empodecles
Talks about the stages in embryology
Pierre Louis Moreau De Paupertius
In the use of Morphological: Homologous and Analogous.
Carl Von Linne / Carl Linnaeus
The father of Evolution
In his concept, organisms tend to adapt in order to survive. That is why you have the theory of Natural Selection or the Survival of the fittest.
charles darwin
Species changes gradually and there are three parts in his theory
Jean Baptiste Lemarc
three parts of Jean Baptiste Lemarc’s theory
theory of need, use and disuse, and acquired inheritance
When it rises, organisms tend to change or evolve
theory of need
Characteristics of the parents will be transferred to the offspring.
Theory of Acquired Inheritance
If an organ part is constantly used, it will be enhanced. If you are not using it, it will be dull.
Theory of Use and Disuse
WHAT are determined by the type of proteins produced
CELL’S CHARACTERISTICS
PROTEINS’ FUNCTIONS ARE DETERMINED BY WHAT?
GENETICS
WHAT provides the cell with a code for its cellular processes
Information in DNA
This is the most important of all because the carbohydrates we give are energy
PROTEINS
What the body cannot make so we need to intake it
Essential Proteins
our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat.
Non Essential Proteins
The tendency of the amino acids once they’re made is loose then it will fold and fold.
The quaternary structure is the most functional
AMINO ACIDS
WHO Accurately described the chemical makeup if deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA)
Albrecht Kossel
received the nobel prize award for the discovery of DNA structure
analyzed existing pieces of data
3D structure of DNA
James d. Watson & Francis Crick
first to discover the double helix structure of DNA
x-ray diffraction
determining structure of molecules
diffraction pattern
Rosalind Franklin
Monomer of Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Stores genetic information
NUCLEIC ACIDS
3 PARTS OF NUCLEOTIDES
PHOSPHATE GROUP
PENTOSE SUGAR
NITROGENOUS BASES
NITROGENOUS BASES ARE DIVIDED INTO 2:
PURINE
PYRIMIDINES
Usually double ring in nature
Always paired with pyrimidines
Adenine and Guanine
PURINE
Single ring
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
PYRIMIDINES
Phosphate group (backbone)
Double stranded
Found in the nucleus
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Single stranded
Still has pairings
Found in the cytoplasm
RNA
DNA TO DNA
Replicating the DNA
DNA REPLICATION
DNA TO RNA
Once the DNA is replicated, at the same time a RNA copy is also happening
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA TO PROTEINS
Translating
TRANSLATION
HOW COULD LIFE PROSPER: PHASES
- DNA REPLICATION
- TRANSCRIPTION
- TRANSLATION
Energy Capture
Process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the form of sugar (glucose)
PHOTOSYNTEHSIS
Stored energy in plants
Long chains of glucose molecules in plants
Starch
Long chains of glucose molecules in animals
Glycogen
Found in (most) photosynthetic eukaryotes and plants
Used for photosynthesis
Main site where photosynthesis happens
Makes energy
CHLOROPLAST
Found in (most) eukaryotes
Used for cellular respiration
It breaks down glucose to make ADP
Mitochondrion
System that is suspended in the stoma and a collection of membranous sacs
Where you can find chlorophyll
Site of light dependent reaction
Thylakoid
Once these are stack together, you will form granum
Where you can find stroma the aqueous field
Granum
Aqueous field
Sight of the light independent reaction
Is a colorless alkaline aqueous protein rich fluid present in the inner membrane of the chloroplast
Stroma
what factor is this
as the light increases, the greater the rate of photosynthesis is especially in the light dependent reaction
light intensity
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
calvin cycle
where does the calvin cycle take place
the stroma
where does carbon fixation occur
stroma
in carbon fixation, what needs to be together?
carbon dioxide and rubp
what helps co2 and rubp come together?
rubisco
how many carbons in carbon fixation does rubp have?
15
how many carbons does carbon dioxide have
3 carbons
in the end of carbon fixation, what do u have?
3-Phosphoglyceric Acid
6 3-PGA.
this process reduces ATP and ADP.
reduction
what is used to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules called glyceraldehyde triphosphate.
reduction
we can make glyceraldehyde triphosphate with the help of what?
atp and nadph
in reduction, When ATP is used, it will be reduced to ?
adp form
what will now leave to look for another phosphate to become ATP again?
6 ADP
NADPH would also be used. When you use him, he will revert to ?
NADP FORM
how many cycles are needed to produce one molecule of glucose?
6
We have —– from 6 3-PGA; you only take one carbon to make sugar.
6 G3P
WHAT IS THIS PROCESS
The 5 3GP remaining will be recycled. It will reconstruct itself, so at least it will be a RuBP again.
REGENERATION
Releasing the locked-up energy
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
is important due to its central role in the generation of energy necessary for the survival, growth, and functioning of living organisms.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- if we don’t have energy, we will all be –?
lethargic
FORMULA OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- Formula: Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide and Water
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration will always be related to each other. The products of photosynthesis are the raw materials in cellular respiration.
T OR F
TRUE
Cellular respiration begins with the breakdown or organic molecules, typically glucose, into simpler molecules
Energy Harvesting
CELLULAR RESPI THAT IS One with oxygen
AEROBIC
CELLULAR RESPI THAT IS WITHOUT OXYGEN
anaerobic
where does aerobic happen
mitochondria
where does anaerobic happen
cytopplasm
In harvesting energy from glucose if we use aerobic respiration, it has 3 steps:
Glycolysis,
Kreb’s Cycle,
and Electron transport Chain
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm of cell
glyco means?
glucose
lysis means?
split
It does not require oxygen and can occur in BOTH aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
glycolysis
During glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of ?
pyruvate
pyruvate produce a small amount of?
ATP and electron carriers, (NADH)
in glycolysis, everything starts with?
glucose
glycolysis has 2 stages:
investment and harvesting stage
this stage of glycolysis is when you use atp to convert to glucose
investment stage
once glucose is converted in glycolysis, it produces what during the harvesting stage?
pyruvate, 2 nadh, 4 atps
net yield for glycolysis (atp)?
2 ATP
Why is it only 2 ATP instead of 4 before? You produced four, but you used 2.
Useable energy
net yield for glycolysis (nadh)?
2 NADH.
NADH comes from NAD. Electron carries, which will now go to your electron transport chain.
Electron carrier
net yield for glycolysis (pyruvate)?
2 Pyruvates
Electron rich
In the presence of 02, pyruvate enters a mitochondria in eukaryotic cells), where the oxidation of glucose is completed
Before the KREB’s (citric acid cycle) can begin, pyruvate must be converted to Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. This step is called?
pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate oxidation catalyzed what 3 reactions?
oxidation of pyruvate
release of COz
reduction of NAD to NADH
After Glycolysis, these things will be processed in the?
mitochondria
who discovered krebs cycle?
HANS KREB
this describes how you can produce acidic acid
krebs cycle
Since you have your Acetyl-CoA, this will look for —–, the oxaloacetate, which will attach to it.
a 4-carbon molecule
Once you have oxaloacetate and Acetyl, it will produce a —?
6-carbon molecule known as your citric acid or citrate.
Once you have your citrate in the krebs cycle, it will undergo what process?
reduction process
who developed ETC?
Albert lehinger
NET YIELD FOR KREBS (nadh)
6 NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NET YIELD FOR KREBS (atp)
2 atp
NET YIELD FOR KREBS (fadh2)
2 FADH
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
in ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN,—– is the one that will help you produce ATP.
ATP Synthase
For complex 1, what usually sticks and passes through here?
NADH
For Complex 2, this is where — sticks and passes.
FADH 2
—- is three-carbon molecules of pyruvate that become two carbon molecules: your tethanol + Carbon dioxide.
Alcoholic Fermentation
In anaerobic respiration, —– can occur in the absence of oxygen and often takes place in the cytoplasm.
fermentation
ANaerobic has 2 pathways:
lactic acid and alcoholic
in lactic acid fermentation your ending is four carbon molecules.
t or f
false
Your ending is still three carbon molecules and no reduction.
ATP YIELD OF ETC
1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
—- is the conversion of pyruvate into three-carbon molecules, which is the lactic acid and thus produces NADH for ATP.
Lactic acid fermentation
Q10 is the —, and cytochrome c is there. These two are electron carriers that we have.So when that goes in, it goes around, a change of gradients will happen, and in the end, it will produce water and ATP.
Ubiquinone enzyme
