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2ND QUARTER EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

bios means?

A

LIFE

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2
Q

logos means?

A

STUDY

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3
Q

deals with the structures, functions and relationships of living organisms with the environment

A

BIOLOGY

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4
Q

Life would start with the basic structure which is the ?

A

CELL

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5
Q

most basic unit of life

A

CELLS

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6
Q

Single-celled organism
one cell
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell

A

UNICELLULAR

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7
Q

Consist more than one cell
Plants
Fungi
Animals

A

MULTICELLULAR

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8
Q

A level of organization in multicellular organisms
group of cells that are working together

A

TISSUES

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9
Q

Group of tissues working together

A

ORGAN SYSTEMS

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10
Q

HOW MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS DO WE HAVE

A

11

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11
Q

Creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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12
Q

protective coverings— inside and out. It could be found inside the lining of our intestines and other internal organs. it could also be found outside just like the skin.

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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13
Q

Are flat and sheet-like in appearance
Flat thin shapes

A

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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14
Q

Are cube-like in appearance, meaning they have equal width, height and depth

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

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15
Q

Are column-like in appearance, meaning they are taller than they are wide

A

Columnar Epithelium

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16
Q

there’s only one layer of cells

A

Simple

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17
Q

made up of more than one layer of cells

A

Stratified

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18
Q

made up of closely packed cells that appear to be arranged in layers because they’re different

A

Pseudostratified

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19
Q

made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched.

A

Transitional Epithelium

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20
Q

Underlies and supports other tissue types
It connects

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

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21
Q

loosely compacted tissues
Contracts to initiate movement in the tissue
They form the subcutaneous layer under the skin along with adipose tissues, attaching muscles and other structures to the skin.

A

Loose Connective Tissue

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22
Q

Adipose tissue
Denses
Cartilage
Specialized Bone

A

Loose Connective Tissue

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23
Q

: They are present under the skin and store fat. It acts as a shock absorber and helps in maintaining body temperature in colder environments.

A

Adipose Tissue

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24
Q

they protect kidneys and are also found at the back of the eye, in the hump of camels, blubber of whales, etc.

A

white adipose tissues

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25
Q

these are found in infants, polar bears, penguins and other animals found in cold regions. It contains more mitochondria and generates 20 times more heat as compared to the other fat. It releases metabolic heat.

A

brown adipose tissues

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26
Q

fibroblast cells and fibers are compactly packed
Their main function is to support and transmit mechanical forces.
They are somewhat less flexible than loose connective tissue.

A

Dense Connective Tissue

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27
Q

There are supportive connective tissues that help in maintaining correct posture and support internal organs, e.g. cartilage and bone.

A

Special / Fluid Connective Tissue

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28
Q

There are about 600 muscles in the human body.
It has a range of functions from pumping blood and supporting movement.
These movements may be voluntary or involuntary.

A

MUSCLE TISSUES

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29
Q

Muscle of the heart
Only covering walls of the heart
Are usually involuntary muscles
They are striated, branched, and uninucleated

A

CARDIAC

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30
Q

Organs
Usually covering wall of internal organs
Are usually involuntary muscles
They are non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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31
Q

It is attached to skeletons
Are usually voluntary muscles
They are striated, tubular, and multi nucleated

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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32
Q

Transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems
Sending out informations in the body

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

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33
Q
  • Group of tissues working together
A

ORGANS

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34
Q

Different organs that work in the same functions
Group of organs with related functions make up the different organ systems

A

ORGAN SYSTEMS

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35
Q

An individual living thing which exhibits all the properties of life
What makes up organ systems

A

ORGANISM

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36
Q

Group of organism that live together
All organisms of the same group or species that live in a specific area and are capable of breeding among themselves

A

POPULATION

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37
Q

Group of different populations
An interacting group of various species in a common location

A

COMMUNITY

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38
Q

How we thrive living together with the living and nonliving things
Is a structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment

A

ECOSYSTEM

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39
Q

WHAT R 3 Biotic organisms

A

Microorganism
Animals
Plants

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40
Q

Study of microorganisms

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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41
Q

Study of animals

A

ZOOLOGY

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42
Q

STUDY OF PLANTS

A

BOTANY

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43
Q

NAMING AND CLASSIFTING ORGANISMS

A

TAXONOMY

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44
Q

Father of Taxonomy
He named organisms by Binomial Nomenclature

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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45
Q

A two-term naming system for living things
Genus and species
Homosapies (humans)

A

Binomial Nomenclature

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46
Q

Study of cells
They look at what cells are present or not present

A

Cytology

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47
Q

Formation and development of organisms
How this structure would be formed
Is there a relationship? Are they the same in structure?
How organisms develop

A

Embryology

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48
Q

Structures and body parts
How you describe it

A

Anatomy

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49
Q

Functions of organisms and its parts
Looking on the deep function of it

A

Physiology

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50
Q

Biological composition
Talks about and examines the 4 macromolecules

A

Biochemistry

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51
Q

Hereditary and variation
Transfer of hereditary and variation

A

Genetics

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52
Q

Origin of organisms

A

Evolution

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53
Q

Study of relationship of organism with the environment

A

Ecology

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54
Q

New and thriving study
Combination of the study of technology and biology

A

Biotechnology

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55
Q

Adam and Eve
Through God

A

DIVINE CREATION THEORY

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56
Q

Non living forms living things

A

ABIOGENESIS

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57
Q

ABIOGENESIS CAME FROM?

A

Ancient, Egyptians, and Aristotle

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58
Q

Proposes that the conditions prevailing on earth, life arose from a series of chemical conditions or reactions
The first form of life came from a pre existing and non organic molecule

they didn’t prove anything and it was just a story

A

ALEXANDER OPARIN AND HALDANE

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58
Q

WHO DID THIS

heat the gravy, I will cover it, even if it is covered, an organism will come out
There are possibilities that has been missing in this experiment
the fire is weak so the microorganisms present in the gravy or soup are not completely killed so some are still alive

A

JOHN NEEDHAM

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59
Q

They did the theory of Oparin and Haldane
From a non living thing, they used an array or an experiment. With this, they were able to create life.

They used an activator which is lightning. When energy was released, it evolved.
This somehow supports the claim of abiogenesis theory

A

Harold Urey and Stanley Miller Experiment

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60
Q

Experimented with fruit flies
He set up 3 jars with meat: opened, tightly sealed, and covered.

He demonstrated that dead maggots or flies would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, whereas live maggots or flies would.

A

Francesco Redi

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60
Q

Life coming from life

A

BIOGENESIS

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61
Q

Experimented with gravy
Boiled the gravy: open and closed

Open: has microorganisms
Closed: no microorganisms
The stronger the fire, the longer he heated it, so the microorganisms died, and when he opened it, there were microorganisms.

He showed that it is not an inherent feature of matter and that it can be destroyed by an hour of boiling

A

Lazzaro Spallanzi

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62
Q

Father of Pasteurization process
He debunked the theory of abiogenesis
He used a u-shaped. He heated it and opened it.
when he saw, those inside had no organisms because of the distance they had traveled. organisms lived in a u-shape. when he destroyed it was spoiled. The microorganisms have come out of it because they could easily enter.

A

Louis Pasteur

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62
Q

WHO PROPOSED THE Panspermia Theory

A

Proposed by Svants Arrhenius

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63
Q

Also known as the Cosmozoic Theory

A

Panspermia Theory

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64
Q

Refers to the increase in all parts of the body brought by the tissues, division, or enlargement.
Practically, it increases in size.

A

GROWTH

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65
Q

Non living things also grow through the process of —.
It is from outside.

A

ACCRETION

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65
Q

A living organism grows inside going out. It is because our practice is intussusception. We would eat, take the nutrients from it, and from the inside going out.

A

INTUSSUSCEPTION

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66
Q

Define stages in an organism.
In a life cycle which is accompanied by changes.
There are certain changes in the specie or an organism
Humans would start from babies, toddlers, kids, adolescents, adults, and old age.

A

DEVELOPMENT

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67
Q

Is trying to ensure that organisms would succeed in number
It’s the production of new cells, either sexual or asexual reproduction
Ensure the transfer of traits through heredity
Transfer of DNA

A

REPRODUCTION

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68
Q

There’s a use of 2 individuals contributing their cells to produce an individual to their kind
There’s an interaction, there’s a coitus or sex

A

Sexual Reproduction

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69
Q

An organism makes a copy of itself
Commonly in the lower forms

A

asexual reproduction

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70
Q

Sum of all chemical and physical reactions in the body that allows organisms to grow and retain its structure through nutrient update, processing, and waste elimination.

A

metabolism

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71
Q

Building state

A

Anabolism

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71
Q

Breaking down state

A

Catabolism

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72
Q

Keeping the balance

A

homeostasis

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73
Q

homeo means?

A

balance

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74
Q

stasis means

A

state

75
Q

You are trying to regulate, maintain, and balance a level

A

negative feedback

76
Q

Exact opposite of Negative Feedback
It doesn’t regulate but exemplifies
It requires more of that one

A

Positive Feedback

77
Q

Organism tends to be sensitive in response to change

A

RESPOND TO STIMULI

78
Q

Respond to stimuli in plants

A

Tropism

79
Q

Phototropism:
Hydrotropism:
Gravitropism:
Chemotropism:

A

Phototropism: light
Hydrotropism: water
Gravitropism: gravity
Chemotropism: chemicals

80
Q

Moving toward the stimulus

A

Positive Tropism

81
Q

Moving away from the stimulus

A

Negative Tropism

82
Q

Survival of the fittest in the natural selection
Capability of an organism to make adjustments or adapt to the environment which led to the diversity of the organisms

A

ADAPT THROUGH EVOLUTION

83
Q

Change is permanent

A

evolution

84
Q

Same structure but different function

A

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE

85
Q

Same function but different in structure

A

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE

86
Q

Non functional structure

A

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE

87
Q

Is a naturalist
Believed that organisms tend to undergo changes over the period of time
Organisms always improve

A

Empodecles

88
Q

Talks about the stages in embryology

A

Pierre Louis Moreau De Paupertius

89
Q

In the use of Morphological: Homologous and Analogous.

A

Carl Von Linne / Carl Linnaeus

90
Q

The father of Evolution
In his concept, organisms tend to adapt in order to survive. That is why you have the theory of Natural Selection or the Survival of the fittest.

A

charles darwin

91
Q

Species changes gradually and there are three parts in his theory

A

Jean Baptiste Lemarc

92
Q

three parts of Jean Baptiste Lemarc’s theory

A

theory of need, use and disuse, and acquired inheritance

93
Q

When it rises, organisms tend to change or evolve

A

theory of need

94
Q

Characteristics of the parents will be transferred to the offspring.

A

Theory of Acquired Inheritance

94
Q

If an organ part is constantly used, it will be enhanced. If you are not using it, it will be dull.

A

Theory of Use and Disuse

95
Q

WHAT are determined by the type of proteins produced

A

CELL’S CHARACTERISTICS

96
Q

PROTEINS’ FUNCTIONS ARE DETERMINED BY WHAT?

A

GENETICS

97
Q

WHAT provides the cell with a code for its cellular processes

A

Information in DNA

98
Q

This is the most important of all because the carbohydrates we give are energy

A

PROTEINS

99
Q

What the body cannot make so we need to intake it

A

Essential Proteins

100
Q

our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat.

A

Non Essential Proteins

101
Q

The tendency of the amino acids once they’re made is loose then it will fold and fold.
The quaternary structure is the most functional

A

AMINO ACIDS

102
Q

WHO Accurately described the chemical makeup if deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA)

A

Albrecht Kossel

103
Q

received the nobel prize award for the discovery of DNA structure
analyzed existing pieces of data
3D structure of DNA

A

James d. Watson & Francis Crick

103
Q

first to discover the double helix structure of DNA
x-ray diffraction
determining structure of molecules
diffraction pattern

A

Rosalind Franklin

104
Q

Monomer of Nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

104
Q

Stores genetic information

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

105
Q

3 PARTS OF NUCLEOTIDES

A

PHOSPHATE GROUP
PENTOSE SUGAR
NITROGENOUS BASES

105
Q

NITROGENOUS BASES ARE DIVIDED INTO 2:

A

PURINE
PYRIMIDINES

106
Q

Usually double ring in nature
Always paired with pyrimidines
Adenine and Guanine

A

PURINE

106
Q

Single ring
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

A

PYRIMIDINES

107
Q

Phosphate group (backbone)
Double stranded
Found in the nucleus

A

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid

108
Q

Single stranded
Still has pairings
Found in the cytoplasm

A

RNA

109
Q

DNA TO DNA
Replicating the DNA

A

DNA REPLICATION

110
Q

DNA TO RNA
Once the DNA is replicated, at the same time a RNA copy is also happening

A

TRANSCRIPTION

111
Q

RNA TO PROTEINS
Translating

A

TRANSLATION

112
Q

HOW COULD LIFE PROSPER: PHASES

A
  1. DNA REPLICATION
  2. TRANSCRIPTION
  3. TRANSLATION
113
Q

Energy Capture
Process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the form of sugar (glucose)

A

PHOTOSYNTEHSIS

114
Q

Stored energy in plants
Long chains of glucose molecules in plants

A

Starch

115
Q

Long chains of glucose molecules in animals

A

Glycogen

116
Q

Found in (most) photosynthetic eukaryotes and plants
Used for photosynthesis
Main site where photosynthesis happens
Makes energy

A

CHLOROPLAST

117
Q

Found in (most) eukaryotes
Used for cellular respiration
It breaks down glucose to make ADP

A

Mitochondrion

118
Q

System that is suspended in the stoma and a collection of membranous sacs
Where you can find chlorophyll
Site of light dependent reaction

A

Thylakoid

119
Q

Once these are stack together, you will form granum
Where you can find stroma the aqueous field

A

Granum

120
Q

Aqueous field
Sight of the light independent reaction
Is a colorless alkaline aqueous protein rich fluid present in the inner membrane of the chloroplast

A

Stroma

121
Q

what factor is this

as the light increases, the greater the rate of photosynthesis is especially in the light dependent reaction

A

light intensity

122
Q

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

A

calvin cycle

123
Q

where does the calvin cycle take place

A

the stroma

124
Q

where does carbon fixation occur

A

stroma

125
Q

in carbon fixation, what needs to be together?

A

carbon dioxide and rubp

126
Q

what helps co2 and rubp come together?

A

rubisco

127
Q

how many carbons in carbon fixation does rubp have?

A

15

128
Q

how many carbons does carbon dioxide have

A

3 carbons

129
Q

in the end of carbon fixation, what do u have?

A

3-Phosphoglyceric Acid

6 3-PGA.

130
Q

this process reduces ATP and ADP.

A

reduction

131
Q

what is used to convert the six molecules of 3-PGA into six molecules called glyceraldehyde triphosphate.

A

reduction

132
Q

we can make glyceraldehyde triphosphate with the help of what?

A

atp and nadph

133
Q

in reduction, When ATP is used, it will be reduced to ?

A

adp form

134
Q

what will now leave to look for another phosphate to become ATP again?

A

6 ADP

135
Q

NADPH would also be used. When you use him, he will revert to ?

A

NADP FORM

136
Q

how many cycles are needed to produce one molecule of glucose?

A

6

137
Q

We have —– from 6 3-PGA; you only take one carbon to make sugar.

A

6 G3P

138
Q

WHAT IS THIS PROCESS

The 5 3GP remaining will be recycled. It will reconstruct itself, so at least it will be a RuBP again.

A

REGENERATION

139
Q

Releasing the locked-up energy

A

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

140
Q

is important due to its central role in the generation of energy necessary for the survival, growth, and functioning of living organisms.

A

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

141
Q
  • if we don’t have energy, we will all be –?
A

lethargic

142
Q

FORMULA OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A
  • Formula: Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide and Water
143
Q

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration will always be related to each other. The products of photosynthesis are the raw materials in cellular respiration.

T OR F

A

TRUE

144
Q

Cellular respiration begins with the breakdown or organic molecules, typically glucose, into simpler molecules

A

Energy Harvesting

145
Q

CELLULAR RESPI THAT IS One with oxygen

A

AEROBIC

146
Q

CELLULAR RESPI THAT IS WITHOUT OXYGEN

A

anaerobic

147
Q

where does aerobic happen

A

mitochondria

148
Q

where does anaerobic happen

A

cytopplasm

149
Q

In harvesting energy from glucose if we use aerobic respiration, it has 3 steps:

A

Glycolysis,

Kreb’s Cycle,

and Electron transport Chain

150
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm of cell

151
Q

glyco means?

A

glucose

152
Q

lysis means?

A

split

153
Q

It does not require oxygen and can occur in BOTH aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

A

glycolysis

154
Q

During glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of ?

A

pyruvate

155
Q

pyruvate produce a small amount of?

A

ATP and electron carriers, (NADH)

156
Q

in glycolysis, everything starts with?

A

glucose

157
Q

glycolysis has 2 stages:

A

investment and harvesting stage

158
Q

this stage of glycolysis is when you use atp to convert to glucose

A

investment stage

159
Q

once glucose is converted in glycolysis, it produces what during the harvesting stage?

A

pyruvate, 2 nadh, 4 atps

160
Q

net yield for glycolysis (atp)?

A

2 ATP
Why is it only 2 ATP instead of 4 before? You produced four, but you used 2.
Useable energy

161
Q

net yield for glycolysis (nadh)?

A

2 NADH.
NADH comes from NAD. Electron carries, which will now go to your electron transport chain.
Electron carrier

162
Q

net yield for glycolysis (pyruvate)?

A

2 Pyruvates
Electron rich
In the presence of 02, pyruvate enters a mitochondria in eukaryotic cells), where the oxidation of glucose is completed

163
Q

Before the KREB’s (citric acid cycle) can begin, pyruvate must be converted to Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. This step is called?

A

pyruvate oxidation

164
Q

pyruvate oxidation catalyzed what 3 reactions?

A

oxidation of pyruvate
release of COz
reduction of NAD to NADH

165
Q

After Glycolysis, these things will be processed in the?

A

mitochondria

166
Q

who discovered krebs cycle?

A

HANS KREB

167
Q

this describes how you can produce acidic acid

A

krebs cycle

168
Q

Since you have your Acetyl-CoA, this will look for —–, the oxaloacetate, which will attach to it.

A

a 4-carbon molecule

169
Q

Once you have oxaloacetate and Acetyl, it will produce a —?

A

6-carbon molecule known as your citric acid or citrate.

170
Q

Once you have your citrate in the krebs cycle, it will undergo what process?

A

reduction process

170
Q

who developed ETC?

A

Albert lehinger

171
Q

NET YIELD FOR KREBS (nadh)

A

6 NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

171
Q

NET YIELD FOR KREBS (atp)

A

2 atp

171
Q

NET YIELD FOR KREBS (fadh2)

A

2 FADH
Flavin adenine dinucleotide

171
Q

in ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN,—– is the one that will help you produce ATP.

A

ATP Synthase

171
Q

For complex 1, what usually sticks and passes through here?

A

NADH

172
Q

For Complex 2, this is where — sticks and passes.

A

FADH 2

173
Q

—- is three-carbon molecules of pyruvate that become two carbon molecules: your tethanol + Carbon dioxide.

A

Alcoholic Fermentation

173
Q

In anaerobic respiration, —– can occur in the absence of oxygen and often takes place in the cytoplasm.

A

fermentation

173
Q

ANaerobic has 2 pathways:

A

lactic acid and alcoholic

173
Q

in lactic acid fermentation your ending is four carbon molecules.

t or f

A

false

Your ending is still three carbon molecules and no reduction.

173
Q

ATP YIELD OF ETC

A

1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

173
Q

—- is the conversion of pyruvate into three-carbon molecules, which is the lactic acid and thus produces NADH for ATP.

A

Lactic acid fermentation

173
Q

Q10 is the —, and cytochrome c is there. These two are electron carriers that we have.So when that goes in, it goes around, a change of gradients will happen, and in the end, it will produce water and ATP.

A

Ubiquinone enzyme

173
Q
A
173
Q
A

els - kco (3 decks)

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