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9- Homeostasis And The Kidney > Ellie's cards for homeostasis and the kidney > Flashcards

Ellie's cards for homeostasis and the kidney Flashcards

1
Q

ADH, altering permeability of collecting duct

A

4- more water is reabsorbed so less (more concentrated) urine is produced

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2
Q

glycogenesis

A

making glycogen from glucose - drecreases blood glucose levels

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3
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

insufficient glucose to supply the cells leading to cell death. Brain cells only respire glucose so are more sensitive to reduced blood glucose.

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4
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

lowers water potential moving water into blood, raising blood pressure and damaging blood vessels

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5
Q

bowmans capsule structure

A

booklet kidney page 2

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6
Q

collecting duct role

A

osmoregulation

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7
Q

control of ADH release

A

Ψ of the blood is measured by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus - Osmoreceptors shrink due to effects of osmosis and send message to neurosecretory cells. - Neurosecretory cells send action potential down their axons where ADH is stores in vesicles. - ADH released by exocytosis enters the capillaries running through the posterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

define osmoregulation

A

Control of relative water and salt levels (water potential) in the body

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9
Q

definition of homeostasis /

A

the maintenance of a constant internal enviroment despite changes in the external enviroment

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10
Q

diagram of nephron

A

kidney booklet

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11
Q

distal convoluted tuble (DCT)

A

adjust ion balances

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12
Q

endocrime glands system

A

-Secrete signalling molecules (hormones) into the blood stream -Carried throughout the body -Produce a response in target cells which have complementary receptors on their plasma membranes -Protein or steroid based

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13
Q

endocrine

A

hormones released from the cell that enter the bloodstream

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14
Q

endocrine in pancreaes

A

pancreatic cells secrete pancreatic juice which drains into the duct - duct carries pancreatic juice to small intestine - secretion of pancreatic juice into small intestine

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15
Q

endocrine pancereas system

A

islet of langerhans cells secrete insulin or glucagon into blood - blood with insulin/glucagon returned to circulation

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16
Q

exocrine

A

substances produced by cells realessed into a DUCT

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17
Q

explain how water moves from collecting duct to medulla and then peritubular capillaries

A

Fluid entering duct has a high Ψ - Medulla interstitial fluid has a lower Ψ due to the Loop of Henle
- Water moves down Ψ gradient out of the collecting duct by osmosis increasing the concentration of the urine.
- Water moves down Ψ gradient into the capillary where it returns to the renal vein.
- 180dm3 glomerular filtrate is reduced to 1.5 – 2.0 dm3 of urine

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18
Q

glomerulus/bowmans capsule role

A

ultra filtration

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19
Q

glucagon

A

a protein hormone, inreases blood glucose levels

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20
Q

glucagon role

A

increases blood glucose - liver breaks down glycogen to create glucose

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21
Q

glucagon structure

A

globular and therefore soluble in blood plamsa - no quatetnary structure - single polypeptide chain

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22
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

-makes glucose from other molecules like lipids - increases blood glucose levels

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23
Q

glycogen

A

a glucose storage in animals, largely branched and insoluble

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24
Q

glycogenolysis

A

-hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose - increaeses blood glucose levels

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25
gross structure of a kidney
booklet page 1
26
how adrenaline works (protein hormone
-Adrenaline (first messenger) binds receptor on plasma membrane of hepatocytes (target cell). -Activates G protein -G protein activates adenylyl cyclase -Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP (second messenger) -cAMP either acts directly on other proteins e.g. ion channels or activates further enzymes
27
how alcohol inhibits production of ADH causing hangovers
- less water is reabsorbed, so there is an increase in urine production so it can quickly lead to dehydration
28
insulin role
decreases blood glucose levels - increse in glucose uptake by muscle/fat/liver cell
29
insulin structure
globular and therefore soluble in blood plamsa - quaternary structure, 2 polypeptide chains (21aa) and (30aa) - linked together by disulfide bonds
30
liver cell response to binding of adrenaline
-cAMP binds and activates protein kinase. -Protein kinase activates phosphorylase. -Glycogenolysis releases glucose which diffuses out of the cell through protein channels.
31
loop of henle structure
tubule arranged in a sharp hairpin - one part of the tube passes close to another part - fluid flows in opposite directions - a countercurrent - allows exchange between contents - can be used to create a very high concentration of fluids
32
loop of Henle diagram
booklet
33
negative feedback cycle
kidney booklet final page
34
negative feedback cycle of adh
booklet
35
negative feedback examples
- temperature - blood glucose - water potential
36
nephron definition
functional unit of the kidney
37
pancreatic cell diagram
booklet
38
podacytes
on the bowmans capsule epithelium - have finger like projections called major processes - spaces around projections allow fluid from the bowmans's capsule to enter the lumen of the proxal convulated tuble (PCT)
39
positive feedback
Less common as tends to be harmful and does not lead to homeostasis Increases the original change When the generator potential reaches threshold voltage gated sodium ion channels open resulting in more depolarisation
40
positive feedback cycle
homeostasis booklet
41
protein hormones
-Peptides and amino acid derivatives -Not soluble in phospholipid bilayer -Bind receptors on outside of cell surface membrane which then initiates a response inside the cell -Examples include adrenaline, insulin, glucagon
42
proximal convoluted tuble diagram
booklet
43
proximal convoluted tubule role
selective reabsorption
44
steroid hormones
are soluble in phospholipid bilayer -Pass through plasma membrane -Bind to receptors in the cytoplasm (activate transcription factors) -Interact directly with DNA to affect gene expression/protein production
45
type 1 diabetes
-autoimmune response whereby the body’s immune system (T cells) attacks the β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas -The lack of insulin also affects glycogen stores which results in an individual feeling fatigued -If the blood glucose concentration reaches a dangerously high level after a meal then organ damage can occur -Type 1 diabetes is normally treated with regular blood tests, insulin injections and a diabetes appropriate diet
46
type 2 diabeties
pancreas still produces insulin but the receptors have reduced in number or no longer respond to it This reduced sensitivity to insulin occurs in the liver and fat storage tissues The lack of response to insulin means there is a reduced glucose uptake which leads to an uncontrolled high blood glucose concentration cause the β cells to produce larger amounts of insulin which ultimately damages them a sugar and fat controlled diet and an exercise regime are usually sufficient treatments
47
ultrafiltration, hydrostatic pressure
- The diameter of the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole - raiseing the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus and forces the fluid and small molecules into the Bowman’s capsule.
48
water potential of blood
Ψ of blood is consistently very low due to the large plasma proteins dissolved in it.
49
what adaptions do the cells of the DCT
Lots of mitochondria to provide ATP for the pumps. - Lots of transport proteins in the cell membranes facing the lumen and the capillaries. - Micovilli/brush borders to increase surface area of both faces.
50
what does negative cycle lead to
homeostasis - conditions fluctuat around an optimum set point
51
what does negative feedback require
sensory receptors, communication system and co-ordinator effectors
52
what happenes when insulin reaches target cell
-Insulin binds complementary receptor (glycoproteins on plasma membrane) -Activates enzyme associated with the receptor -Activation of more enzymes -Vesicles containing glucose transporter proteins fuse with plasma membrane -Glucose carrier proteins change shape allowing more transport resulting in increased glucose uptake (diffusion)
53
what happens in the DCT if body detects low levels of Na
- realeases aldosterone from adrenal cortex - aldosterone (steroid) switches on genes coding for Na+, K+ pumps (antiports) in the cells lining the DCT - Na is activly pumped out of the filtrate
54
what is collected by the bowams capsule
glucose, urea, water, inorganic ions (Na,Cl and K) and amino acids - cut of point of the size of the molecule is 69000
55
when glucagon reaches its target cell
-Glucagon (1st messenger)binds receptor -Activates G protein -Activates adenylyl cyclase -ATP to cAMP -Triggers series of enzyme controlled reactions -Glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) by phosphorylase A -Preferential use of fatty acids in respiration -Amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
56
where are the kidneys (diagram)
first page of booklet
57
why are large proteins and blood cells not collected in the bowmans capsule
-as endothelial cells of the cappillaires sit on the basement membrane, a fine mesh of collagen firbres and glycoproteins
58
why do kidneys filter the blood
- to remove nitrogenous waste (urea) - remove excess ions - regulate water to maintain optimum water potential (osmoregulation) - hormone production
59
written description of what happens at loop of henle
- active removal of sodium and chloride ions from ascending limbs - diffusion of sodium and chloride ions into descending limbs - water moves out of descending limb by osmosis and enters cappilarries - sodium and chloride ions diffuse out of lower part of ascending limbs - urine passes down collecting duct to pelvis - water moves out of collecting duct by osmoisis and enters the capillaries
60
written role description of what happens at PCT
- selective reabsorption is an active process occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney nephron - ATP is used to pump Na+ ions out of the epithelial cells lining the tubule - creating a gradient that allows facilliated diffusion of glucose and amino acids along with sodium ions through special co-transporter proteins in the cell membrane - movement of glucose and amino acids into the cells decreases the water potential of the cell reasulting in the movement of water into the cell by osmosis - glucose and amino acid diffuse into the cappillary followed by water via osmosis
61
α cells role
- manufacture and secrete glucagon when the detect low blood glucose
62
β cells role
- manufacture and secrete insulin when they detect high blood glucose

9- Homeostasis And The Kidney (7 decks)

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