Elizabethans Flashcards
1
Q
The Rich & Gentry Food & Feastring
A
-gentry houses surrounded by orchards, gardens and farms which supplied the food
- feasts show off food and wealth
- many courses of meat and fish
-served at a great ceromony
- drank foreign wines
2
Q
The Rich & Gentry Land and Power
A
- 2% of population owned 50% of land
- ownership of land = lots of power(justices of the peace)
3
Q
The Middling sort jobs
A
- often independent tradesmen and craftsmen
- husbandmen who owned 5-50 acres of land
- yeomen who owned 50+ acres
4
Q
The Middling Sort Houses
A
Well built with many rooms including:
- the hall (for living, and eating, sometimes kitchen_
- the parlour (living and sleeping room of yeoman and wife)
- chambers (children and servant bedrooms on 2nd floor)
- service rooms eg kitchen, brew house etc
- houses sometimes had glass windows or chimneys
Wife did most cooking rather than servants
5
Q
The Middling Sort Food
A
- ate well but no ceremonies
- served food they produced
- bread was important
- gardens & orchards provided fruits & vegetables
- drank beer not wine
6
Q
Labouring Poor Jobs
A
- made up 50% of population
- worked on farms
- struggled during non harvest seasons
7
Q
Labouring Poor Houses
A
- some had an acre of land and built cottages
- small houses, with no upper rooms, often had only 2 rooms
- small windows without glass
8
Q
Labouring Poor Food
A
- bread was the main food
- pottage (a thick vegetable soup)
- sometimes ate egg, cheese, or fish
- in bad harvest many struggled and often died
9
Q
The Settled Poor
A
- those living in towns and poverty
- many were under 16 with little chance of surviving to adulthood
- Widows a large group of settled poor including Alice Reade’s husband left her with 4 children
10
Q
Vagrant Poor
A
- wandered from place to place
- unmarried men/women travelling from place to place in groups
- often found dead in winter
11
Q
The Unemployed Poor
A
Impotent Poor: Physically unable to work
Able Bodied: wanted to find work but couldn’t
Left to towns to support these people
12
Q
Causes of Crisises
A
- population growth
- agriculture failed
- yeoman increased incomes but didn’t pay workers more.
13
Q
The Price of Wheat Crisis
A
1585, 1595-1597:
- price of wheat increased from 25 shillings to 50 shillings
- downturn in demand for cloth so more unemployed
- more frequent outbreaks of the plague
- many died from starvation
14
Q
York Case Study
A
- gentry and middling sort payed a ‘poor rate’
- ‘viewers’ made poor people lists
- people who couldn’t work got 3 halfpence
- vagabonds put in correction houses
15
Q
Poor Law
A
1601
- Justices of peace oversaw poor
- begging forbidden, vagrants whipped
- Impotent were looked after
- Able bodied put to work or sent to corrections houses
16
Q
Views on Marriage
A
- Men married in there 20’s whilst women married earlier
- illegitimate babies uncommon
- women often pregnant at weddings
- often informal seprations, rarely divorce
- women obey husbands but violence frowned upon
17
Q
Views on Children
A
- gentry families large but 25% died before 10
- from 7 rich enough boys attend school
- began to work at 12/13
- children obey parents
- physical abuse common
18
Q
Patronage
A
The power to control appointments to office or rights to privileges
19
Q
The Privy Chamber
A
- ladies in waiting
- gossip
- loyalty to Elizabeth
20
Q
The Presence Chamber
A
- open to everyone at court
21
Q
The Privy Council
A
- a council of 19 advisers to help govern country
- extremely important part of government
- advise Queen
- Elizabeth did not attend meetings
22
Q
Robert Dudley
A
-Elizabeth’s ‘sweet robin’, believed to be in love
- puritan
- many skills,
- earl of leicster in 1564
- fought in France in 1558, and Netherlands in 1585
23
Q
Robert Devereux
A
- Elizabeths favourite until he joined the army
- Failed in Irealnd, lost job
- A threat to Elizabeth
- Rebellion collapsed, he was arrested, beheaded and guilty for treason.
24
Q
Francis Walsingham
A
- lawyer, well educated
- strong puritan
- servant of state not queen
- Elizabethan never warmed to him
- Elizabeth didn’t care about death
- secretary of state between 1572-1590
25
William Cecil
- gentry lawyer
- moderate protestant
- used Parliament to change queens mind
- Elizabeth s 'most trusted adviser'
- She didn't like his decision on MQS
- Elizabeth upset at death
- secretart of state between 1558-1572 and 1590-1598
26
Puritan Opposition
- Puritans wanted Elizabeth to marry a protestant
- they wanted MPs to have freedom of speech
- Didn't want Elizabeth to give monopolies to her courtiers
27
John Stubbes
November 1579 - he released a pamphlet criticising Elizabeth for nearly marrying a Catholic
- he was imprisoned for 2 years
28
The Golden Speech
30th November 1601
- last address to Parliament
29
How she controlled parliament?
- isolated extremists
- arranged business
- chose MP's
- having councillors in parliament
- strong speeches
30
Lord Lieutenant
- overall responsibility for each country
31
Justices of the Peace
- 40 in each county
- informed poor laws and taxes
- came from gentry
32
Progresses
Elizabeth went on tour with advisers to make her seem important
33
Publications
- easy to disprove of them due to few printing presses
- also easy to spread publications such as her final speech
34
Portraits
- 135 portraits survive of her today
- portraits which cause great offence were buried
- often portraits have symbols
35
Plays
- Nobles brought actors to court to please Queen
- Pope and Spanish portrayed negatively whilst she was portrayed amazingly
36
John Dee
- very clever
- wanted to change power balance
- envisioned a 'british empire'
- published books on colonising North America
37
Francis Drake
Second Man to Travel the World
Travelled on the Golden Hinde
November 1577: Plymouth to West Africa
Spring/Summer 1578: Arrived in Brazil, sailed south
Winter 1578/1579: Travelled North along Peru
June 1579: Arrived in California (New Albion)
Summer 1579: Travelled West across pacific
September 1580: Returned to England
April 1581: Knighted
- he pillaged, raided, and claimed land as he travelled
- Spanish considers him a pirate
38
Humphrey Gilbert
- wanted trade routes with China
- he was granted a 6 year charter to set up a colony
1583 Expedition:
- 7 ships travelled to North America
- food scarce, 80 men dead
- Humphrey drowned with his overloaded ship
39
Ralph Firth
- travelled to India with 4 men
- carried letters from the Queen to develop trade
- they were captured and then released in Goa, 3 continued to Akbar's court
- reached Mughal court
- spent a year travelling Northern India
- arrived back in London after 8 years
40
James Lancaster
-sailed East with 3 ships
- one of the ships sunk
-Pportuguese prevented trading
- Spent most of his time pillaging
1601-1605:
- the first voyage of the East India company
- Over 100 merchants met to form the new company
- Did not like dutch becoming successful
- James Lancaster was chosen to command first 4 ships
41
Walter Raleigh
-granted a royal charter to explore North America
1584 --> sent 2 friends to explore north american coast
- reached Roanoke and made contact with Algonquians
- Asked Richard Hakluyt to write a pamphlet on why colonisation is good, this propaganda worked
1585 --> Preparations began
42
The Roanoke Colony
-Elizabeth refused to let Raleigh leave
- Richard Greenville set off with 600 sailor strong ships
- A storm 5 days in separated the fleet
- Many ships were wrecked and they lost most of the supplies
July 1585:
- Ralph Lane became govenor of Roanoke
- 107 men stayed, the rest returned for supplies
- Algonquians gave them corn
- After an alleged attack, Lane attacked the Algonquians killing Wingia (their leader)
- Francis Drake rescued the remaining colonists
- John White &Thomas Haircot published their account in 1558
43
Raleigh Expedition to Guiana
1595:
- Travelled to South America to search for "El Dorado"
- Raleigh did not discover gold, only the beauty of the continent
44
Act of Persuasions
1581:
-recusancy fine £20
-increased fines for everything else
45
Act of Priests
1585:
- death to anyone harbouring priests
46
Recusancy Act
1587:
- government could own 2/3 of protestants land
47
Act Restraining Recusants
1593:
- catholics over 10 had to stay within 5 miles of there homes
48
Order of types of catholics
Conformers
Church Papists
Recusants
Plotters
49
Conformers
Converted To protestantism
50
Church Papists
Attended protestant services (loyalty to pope)
51
Recusants
Refused to attend CofE services
52
Plotters
Around 200 in England
Trying to kill Elizabeth
53
Seminary Priests
- Young Catholics trained abroad
- supported Catholics living in England
54
Jesuit Priests
- Aim to convert protestants to Catholicism
- Has loyalty to the church
55
Secret Priests
1580:
- Government saw priests as traitors
- Hid in large country houses in priest holes
- more priests arrive, more recucansy
- focused on wealthy
56
Walsingham Spies
-network of spies to feed information
- Anthony Munday: fake catholic in Rome
57
George Eliot
-member of Walsingham Spies
- murderer to prevent conviction
- known as Judas Eliot
58
Edward Campion
July 1581: Captured by George Eliot (found in a priest hole)
Tortured on a rack where he gave catholic names
November 1581: found guilty of treason
1st December 1581: dragged to execution, didn't beg for forgiveness, hung then cut down, organs burnt in front of him
His death made people despise Elizabeth
Richard Rowland wrote a book about Elizabeth's treatment of Catholics.
59
Margaret Clitherow
1586:
- accused of sheltering priests
- she was "pressed" as she refused to plead
- stretched out with a sharp stone, weights placed on her
- died as her rib cage burst
60
Mary Queen of Scots
- Catholics believed she was the legitimate heir
- her grandmother (Mary Tudor) was the oldest sibling of Henry Tudor
- she fled Scotland in 1568 after Lords rose up against her
- Elizabeth kept her in the tower of London
- Pope declared killing Elizabeth not a crime
61
Throckmorton Plot
1583:
-Robert Persons hired Francis Throckmorton to kill Elizabeth
- Francis Throckmorton was arrested and tortured where he turned over the Pope and King of Spain
- Bond of association act put in place place meaning Mary could be executed without trial.
62
Babington Plot
1586:
- John Babington had safe place to communicate with Mary
- Thomas Phelippes knew about there messaging
- Babington and Ballard arrested & confessed to Mary knowing so them she was arrested
63
Marys Trial
12th October 1586 Fotheringhay Castle Northamptonshire:
Mary fought her own case arguing:
- god had made her Queen
- there was no original messages
- evidence was given under torture
She was found guilty.
8th February 1587: She was executed
64
Spanish Problems
- Elizabeth had refused to marry Phillip II
- Elizabeth sent rebels into spanish owned Netherlands
- 1585- A Spansih subject killed WIlliam of Orange & Elizabeth sent in a 7000 man army to support his rebels
- 1588- Phillip launched a crusade & he started building his armada
65
1588 War, Reasons that the Spanish Failed
- Duke of Medina who led the ships have little experience
- Armada driven North by wind
- Storms wrecked 44 ships
- They fled from fire ships
66
The war after 1589
1589: Drake led "English armada" against the Portuguese
1594: Northern Netherlands become free
1597: 2 more spanish armadas wrecked by storms
1601: Spanish in Ireland to help Lord Tyrone
1604: Treaty of London ended war
67
Thomas Tresham
-Catholic gentleman
- From Northamptonshire
-loyal to the Queen
1580: Became Recusant
1581: Blacklisted
1585: Petition to be loyal to Elizabeth
1587: Driven into debt
1599: Prison for debt
1605: Died
68
Art in Elizabethan England
- many painted by foreign artists
- courtiers may pay for portraits
- Nicholas Hillard best English painter
69
Music
-Orpharian given to Queen as a gift
- Thomas Tallis & William Byrd composed church music for the Queen
Madrigals and Ayres became popular
70
Literature
After 1580, an increase in education led to incredible writers
Poets emerged, transforming poetry.
Dramatics changed plays
71
Parish feasts
Celebrated parish saint
Plays/ Morris dancing with lots of drinking
72
The alehouse
AKA the pub, went for beer or song
Good company
73
Theatres
-early on miracle plays popular however they were seen as Catholic so banned
-Only acting companies with a noble patron were secure
- 1576: "The Theatre" built in shoreditch
- Many more theatres built in Bankside
74
Witchcraft
- breakdown in communities led to increased poverty
- When healers failed they blamed it on witches
- Witchcraft caused harm to people or property
75
Witch Trials
1563: banned witchcraft and placed death by hanging if found guilty
Trials increased in times of poverty
Prosecution particularly high in Essex
Often based on complaints by neighbours
76
Christmas
12 days of celebrations for Jesuses birth
77
Shrove Tuesday
Day before lent, shrove tide football
78
May Day
Merry making and drunkenness
79
Midsummers Eve
Bonfires lit, stay up and predict deaths for the following years
80
Harvest Home
Time of drinking and dancing
