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A level History - Tudor England > Elizabeth's Reign > Flashcards

Elizabeth's Reign Flashcards

1
Q

What problems did Elizabeth face at the start of her reign?

A
  • Religious settlement
  • War with France
  • Tensions with Spain
  • Shortage of money
  • Mary Queen of Scots
  • Social problems
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2
Q

What problems did Elizabeth face with religion in 1558?

A
  • Risk of being excommunicated by the Pope
  • Country in state of confusion due to Edward and Mary
  • She had to choose her Privy Council based on her religious settlement
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3
Q

What problems did Elizabeth face with the shortage of money in 1558?

A
  • £300,000 debt left by Mary due to war with France
  • Woolen cloth industry falling
  • Trade with Antwerp stopped
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4
Q

What problems did Elizabeth face with the war with France?

A
  • England still at war with France in 1558
  • Mary sent forces to help Philip
  • Elizabeth needs to make peace but it means permanent loss of Calais
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5
Q

What were the tensions with Spain in 1558?

A
  • English had a traditional alliance with the Hapsburg family BUT they were Catholic
  • Elizabeth was protestant and needed to keep this alliance regardless of religion
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6
Q

What was the main social problem faced by Elizabeth in 1558?

A
  • Begging and vagrancy
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7
Q

What was Elizabeth’s own attitude to the religious settlement in 1558?

A
  • Studied under humanist tutors and lived in the household of Catherine Parr (protestant step-mother)
  • First proclamation was to introduce protestant church
  • Unclear: dislike of Catholic practises but wanted to keep some traditions
  • She had personal dislike for married clergy and long ranting sermons by Protestants
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8
Q

What advice did Elizabeth receive about the religious settlement?

A
  • Richard Goodrich: Argued she should move slowly and be aware of Marian bishops
  • Anonymous: Device for Alteration of Religion which recognised problems in religious affairs by returning to Protestantism
  • Other: services should include some of the English wording used at the end of Henry’s reign, a group of scholars should review Book of Common Prayer
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9
Q

What was the church settlement? Dates?

A
  • Elizabeth reached a ‘Via Media’
  • 1559: Act of Supremacy- Made Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church, all clergy/officials to take an oath of loyalty, Heresy Laws repealed, communion in both kinds
  • 1559: Act of Uniformity - made 1552 Book of Common Prayer law, all must attend church or pay fines, ornaments of the church and dress were to be that of 1548, communion received with words from both 1549 and 1552 prayer books
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10
Q

Who were the Puritans? How long were they an issue for?

A
  • Extreme protestants
  • Wanted to purify the Church
  • Issue from 1560-1580
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11
Q

What did the Puritans believe?

A
  • They were the ‘godly’
  • Openly criticised church
  • Wanted to remove any leftover Catholic ideas
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12
Q

What did they do?

A
  • Tried to persuade Elizabeth to make changes
  • Pushed for the removal of holy days, organ music and the making of the cross sign
  • Wanted to strengthen the Church of England
  • They didn’t want to remove Elizabeth due to fear of Catholic monarch (MQoS)
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13
Q

How did the government respond to the Puritans?

A
  • Determined not to budge, they saw religion as a matter of state
  • Expelled 30 Priests in 1566 for not wearing vestments
  • Elizabeth closed parliament in 1571 before Puritan MP could discuss the idea of banning vestments and Strickland banned in same year for bill reforming PB
  • 200 Puritan priests expelled in 1583 from the Church
  • Wentworth sent to the Tower by parliament after attack on clerical abuses in 1576
  • Field and Wilcox imprisoned after Admonition to Parliament in 1572
  • Wentworth and Cope sent to the Tower in 1587 after Bill & Book
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14
Q

When did Mary QoS arrive in England?

A

1558

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15
Q

How long did Elizabeth keep Mary prisoner?

A

19 years

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16
Q

What did Mary have that scared Elizabeth? (Cs)

A

Claim to the throne
Catholicism
Cousin
Charisma

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17
Q

What was the Northern Rebellion? When did it take place?

A
  • Run by Northumberland and Westmoreland
  • Gentry involved
  • Destroyed protestant prayer books held Catholic mass
  • Revolt attempt to depose Elizabeth
  • 1569
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18
Q

When was Elizabeth excommunicated?

A

1570

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19
Q

What was the Ridolfi plot and when did it take place?

A
  • Easier for Catholics to plot post excommunication
  • Ridolfi was a messenger for MQoS to Duke of Alva in Netherlands, the Pope and King Philip - letters asked for an invasion
  • Norfolk also involved
  • Ridolfi met Alva in 1571 but Alva wasn’t keen on invading so advised Philip against it
  • Norfolk’s servants revealed his plan to govt.
  • Duke of Norfolk executed 1572
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20
Q

What was the Throckmorton plot and when did it take place?

A
  • 1583
  • Young English Catholic Throckmorton carried letters between MQoS and the French and Spanish ambassadors
  • Throckmorton in contact with members of Catholic nobility
  • Plan was to free Mary, replace Elizabeth and restore Catholicism in England
  • Throckmorton arrested by govt. spies
  • Plot never happened
  • Throckmorton executed
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21
Q

What was the Babington Plot and when did it take place?

A
  • 1586
  • Young Catholic Babington carried letters for Mary
  • Plan to murder Elizabeth and replace her with Mary
  • Babington wrote to Mary and Mary wrote back agreeing to plan but spies gave plan to Elizabeth’s spymaster
  • Mary was executed in 1587
22
Q

Who were the Church Papists?

A
  • Least extreme Catholic group
  • Loyal to Elizabeth
  • Conservative and disliked radical change
  • Believed that mass and Catholic sacraments were necessary for salvation
23
Q

Who were the Recusants?

A
  • Refused to attend church
  • Some did take the oath of supremacy
  • Believed in Roman Catholic doctrine
  • Not prepared to compromise
24
Q

Who were the Seminary Priests?

A
  • English Catholics who trained for priesthood in Flanders
  • Duty to return to England to work for salvation of souls
  • Seek martyrdom to re-establish Catholicism
  • Arrived in 1574
25
Q

Who were the Jesuits?

A
  • Catholic missionary order
  • Carried out rigorous spiritual exercises designed to train and discipline the human mind
  • Oath of allegiance to the pope - treason
  • Arrived in 1580
26
Q

What was the Roman Catholic threat?

A
  • A threat due to connections
  • Catholic powers slow to respond but had the potential to be a real danger
  • Need help Spain
  • Philip was cautious to invade England until there was substantial show of Catholic sympathy
27
Q

How did the government react to the Catholic threat?

A
  • Passed 3 Acts in 1571- treason to say Elizabeth isn’t Queen, treason to introduce/publish Papal Bull, anyone that’s fled abroad have 12 months to return
  • Seminary priests executed (first in 1577)
  • 2 Acts against Catholics in 1581 increasing recusancy fines and making any attempts to convert people to Catholic treasonable
  • Act against Seminary Priests and Jesuits-
    priests ordained by Pope guilty of treason
  • 1593 legislation to make gathering of Catholics illegal
  • 1602 proclamation for Jesuits to leave country
28
Q

What were the 4 forms of Elizabethan govt?

A
  • Privy Council
  • Court
  • Local Govt.
  • Parliament
29
Q

What did the PC do?

A
  • Executive body
  • Advised Elizabeth
  • 19-20 at start
  • Had Secretary of State William Cecil in it
  • Met 3 times a week
30
Q

What was the role of the Elizabethan Court?

A
  • Councillors at Court were the centre of patronage
  • Banned if you upset the Queen
  • Saw Queen daily
  • Foreign and domestic dignitaries socialised with the queen
31
Q

What was the role of the local govt?

A
  • Lords and Deputy Lieutenants - executive and admins in counties
  • Justices of the Peace- unpaid, keep peace
32
Q

What was the role of Parliament?

A
  • Called 13 times in reign
  • Rebellions - freedom of speech and MQoS
  • Weren’t allowed to discuss Royal Prerogative - (marriage, religion, succession, foreign policy)
  • Financial needs
  • House of Common and House of Lords (HoL more important)
33
Q

What was the faction between William Cecil and Robert Dudley about and how was it ended?

A
  • Over marriage and foreign policy
  • Dudley wants to support Dutch rebels and marry Elizabeth
  • Cecil doesn’t want war and wants to find Elizabeth a suitor
  • Elizabeth said that she wouldn’t marry Dudley
34
Q

What was the faction between Dudley and Norfolk about? How was it ended?

A
  • Misconduct vs Death of Dudley’s wife

- Elizabeth quashes this by saying she won’t marry Dudley

35
Q

What was the faction between Robert Cecil and Essex over?

A
  • Similar to fathers
  • Essex is about war and Cecil Jr wants peace (War with Spain)
  • Essex executed after he rebels
36
Q

What were Elizabeth’s method of control over her government?

A
  • Execution
  • Royal Prerogative
  • Patronage - to get people on her side/getting them to do what she wants
  • Keeps her own notes- people can’t go back on their word
  • Small discussions/promote divisions
  • Foreign ambassadors
  • Proroguing parliament - can be recalled
  • Banning from Court
37
Q

What was Elizabeth’s relationship with parliament according to Neale?

A
  • Conflict
  • Puritan Choir
  • Wentworth and freedom of speech
  • Mary QoS - parliament and PC agreed on execution
  • Strickland
  • Bill and Book
38
Q

What was Elizabeth’s relationship with parliament according to Elton?

A
  • Cooperation
  • MPs sent Wentworth to Tower
  • Taxation
39
Q

What were the 4 aspects of Elizabethan finance?

A
  • Debt
  • Inflation
  • Need for reform
  • Financing war with Spain
40
Q

How much debt was left by Mary? How did Elizabeth manage it?

A
  • £227,000
  • Reduction in expenditure
  • Reduces household and patronage
  • No war until 1585
  • No palaces
  • Frozen salaries
  • JPs collect taxes
  • In the black (£300,000) by 1585
41
Q

What caused inflation? How did Elizabeth manage it?

A
  • 1560s: Debasement
  • Managed by restoring precious metal by calling it all in and releasing it back restored
  • Debasement no longer allowed
  • Price rises (75% during her reign)
  • Population growth - 3 million to 4.1 million
  • 1590s: bad harvests - rise in grain demand
  • Most factors out of Elizabeth’s control
42
Q

How did Elizabeth finance the War with Spain?

A
  • Spent £4 million in total
  • Ordinary income: from crown lands
  • Extraordinary income: purveyance (right to set prices of various commodities), subsidies from Parliament, selling of crown lands, forced loans from rich, monopolies (giving 1 person control of trade of 1 thing- money back from courtiers)
  • Not an issue until 1585
43
Q

What was the need for reform in terms of finance?

A
  • Elizabeth didn’t reform crown lands, she just renewed leases which put them up but extended the time they had to pay which meant there was not a lot of money in it
  • Elizabeth didn’t reform Custom Duties - didn’t increase import tax which would’ve increased income
44
Q

What were the responsibilities of Elizabeth and her govt when it came to the economy?

A
  • Protect trade
  • Control wages/prices
  • Relieve poverty
  • Maintain public order
45
Q

What were the 4 aspects of the Elizabethan economy?

A
  • Agriculture
  • Industry
  • Trade
  • Poverty
46
Q

What features of agriculture affected the economy?

A 
Enclosure of common land 
- Hit labouring classes 
- Allowed gentry to make more money 
- Unpopular and said to be responsible for economic problems 
Developments 
- Selective breeding 
- New fertilisers 
- Land cultivation and increase in husbandry
47
Q

What features of industry affected the economy?

A

Textile industry
- Woolen cloth and broadcloth - exported and cheapest in Europe
- 75% of trade with Antwerp
London
- Trade developments due to Port and Merchant Adventurers Guild

  • Skill sets coming from fleeing Dutch
  • Women weaving at home
  • Need to develop iron industry for war
48
Q

What were the main trade routes that affected the economy?

A
  • Muscovy Trading Company (Russia)
  • Levant Company (Ottoman Empire)
  • Eastland Company (Baltic)
    Used trade to get money due to unable to diversify England
  • East India Company (later on)
49
Q

What was privateering?

A
  • ‘Posh Pirates’
  • Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh
  • Stole Spanish treasure and plundering ships to make money
50
Q

What was vagrancy? What was it a result of?

A
  • Begging
  • A result of increase in urban population
  • Worsened by soldiers returning from war
  • Mainly men
  • No monasteries for people to go to for help
51
Q

What were the two types of poor and definition?

A
  • Impotent poor- deserving poor, unable to work due to sickness or injury
  • Able bodied poor- undeserving, able to work, ‘lazy’, punished if caught
52
Q

When was the Poor Law introduced? What did it do?

A
  • 1598
  • Act for the Relief of the Poor
  • JPs punish able bodied
  • JPs raise the poor rate where parishes pay money to look after the poor which builds places to look after impotent and gives able bodied materials to work

A level History - Tudor England (4 decks)

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