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elizabeth: religion Flashcards

1
Q

What were the main categories of issues Elizabeth faced in 1558 when trying to implement religious change?

A

-domestic
-foreign relations
-advice
-personal beliefs

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2
Q

What were the domestic issues faced by Liz when trying to implement religious change in 1558?

A

-people had experienced religious upheaval since 1529-everyone weary
-the return of 800 Marian exiles with religiously radical ideas
-Bishops Mary had put in the HoL that blocked Liz’s attempts to make radical changes

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3
Q

Were the Marian Exiles a significant pressure faced by Elizabeth in 1558? Why?

A

-No
-A divided group
-only 800

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4
Q

What did the Bishops put in the HoL by Mary do that was an issue when Liz was trying to implement religious change in 1558?

A

-block policies that were ‘radical’ such as the suspension of the Act of Supremacy

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5
Q

How did Liz deal with the Bishops that Mary put in the HoL?

A

-sent them to the Tower so that she could pass policies

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6
Q

What policies did Elizabeth pass once she sent Mary’s Bishops to the Tower?

A

-Act of Uniformity
-Act of Supremacy

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7
Q

What role did Elizabeth’s Personal Beliefs play when making religious changes in 1558?

A

-she was a moderate Protestant
-she liked some catholic practices like music and the altar
-she disliked the idea of married clergy

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8
Q

Why was Elizabeth certain to make Protestant changes?

A

-to legitimise claim to the throne
-according to Catholicism she shouldn’t even exist never mind have claim to the throne- she was the result of Henry’s divorce and subsequent remarriage (against catholicism)

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9
Q

What advice did Elizabeth receive regarding religious changes in 1558?

A

-a protestant mp advised her to be careful and and be weary of the threat posed by Mary’s bishops
-‘Devise for Alteration of Religion’ highlighted the problems with foreign relations that becoming too Protestant could cause. It urged that scholars should review practices of the Church

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10
Q

What problems/ pressures did Liz face when trying to make religious policy in 1558 in terms of foreign relations?

A

-England at war with France- peace unlikely if she was too Protestant
-Allied with Catholic Spain which owned Netherlands (major trade link) through Phillip- Phillip did not mind England being Protestant as it made an alliance with Scotland and France less likely (an alliance would have endangered Spanish colonies)
-Little threat from MQS as her mother had just been overthrown
-Peace Treaty with France gave Liz more freedom to be Protestant but Spain and France got better relations- threat of invasion but neither country could afford this

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11
Q

Why was Mary Queen of Scots not a big consideration to Elizabeth when she was making religious changes in 1558?

A

-not a big threat as her mum had just been overthrown

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12
Q

What was the biggest consideration for Liz when making religious change in 1558?

A

-her personal beliefs- HAD to make country more Protestant to validate her claim to the throne

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13
Q

Were domestic pressures a big deal for Liz when making religious policy in 1558?

A

-catholics were a big pressure
-she couldn’t swing too far either way or she would have opposition from everyone
-internal threat

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14
Q

Was advice a big pressure for Elizabeth when making religious policy in 1558?

A

-No
-She was intelligent and independent anyway- had little trust in others

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15
Q

Were foreign relations a big pressure for Liz when making religious policy in 1558?

A

-Not really
-Mild pressure to not be too protestant but very minimal threat of invasion

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16
Q

What did Elizabeth call her religious policies? Why?

A

-‘Religious settlement’ or ‘the middle way’
-it was an attempt to appease both Catholics and Protestants

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17
Q

What was the aim of her religious settlement?

A

-to unite the people of the realm into a uniform order of religion

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18
Q

When was the Act of Supremacy?

A

1559

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19
Q

When was the Act of Uniformity?

A

1559

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20
Q

What changes were made in the Act of Superiority?

A

-Liz made ‘Supreme Governor’ of Church
-Clergy had to take oath to her as Supreme Governor or lose position
-Heresy laws repealed
-Communion in both kinds- bread and wine

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21
Q

True or False? In the Act of Superiority, Elizabeth named herself Supreme Head of the Church, rather than the Pope

A

False. She made herself Supreme Governor of the Church

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22
Q

What changes were made in the Act of Unifromity?

A

-1552 Book of Common Prayer used in all Churches
-Everyone had to attend Church- 1 shilling fine if you don’t
-Ornaments of Church and dress of Clergy/ Priests to be the same as in 1548 (before radical protestant changes)
-When Communion received, words said included the forms in both the 1549 and 1552 Prayer Book
-Black Rubric left out

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23
Q

What did Elizabeth do before a second session of Parliament met to try resolve the issue of religious policy?

A

-Sent Bishops of Winchester and Lincoln to the Tower for disobedience.
- This was crucial to getting the votes so that the Act of Uniformity would be passed.

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24
Q

When was the Act of Uniformity passed?

A

1559

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25
What was the Black Rubric?
-the part of the 1552 Prayer Book that ruled out transubstantiation
26
True or False? One of Elizabeth's religious changes was making it so taxes paid to the church were no longer paid to her?
False. Taxes paid by the Church now paid to Elizabeth (Mary had withdrawn these taxes)
27
True or False? The monasteries Mary had re-established were re-dissolved under Elizabeth.
True
28
How many bishops originally rejected the idea of Royal Supremacy?
17
29
What was part of the Royal Injunctions passed by Elizabeth?
-clergy would now wear colorful robes -music encouraged at Sunday services -congregations would bow at the name of Jesus -images not destroyed
30
Could Clergy marry whoever they wanted under Elizabeth?
-Clergy could marry, but had to be approved by bishops
31
Why did Protestants disagree with the religious settlement?
-Marian exiles had all gone to cities where Protestant beliefs were the strongest. When they returned they wanted a policy that went further than Elizabeth's did. -Role of the bishop was not biblical, and Puritans believed the whole Church should chose the Bishop not just Elizabeth. -Puritans were against kneeling for communion, rings at marriage, bowing at the name of God and vestments. They felt that there was a lack of provision made for Puritan beliefs and practices, and wanted more than just a Sunday service.
32
True or False? There was a majority in the House of Lords that would probably support whatever the government put forward but there was a large number of Roman Catholics in the House of Commons who would oppose Liz's Religious Settlement
-False -there was a majority in the House of Commons that would probably support whatever the government put forward but there was a large number of Roman Catholics in the House of Lords who would oppose her.
33
What are the examples of Protestant Opposition?
-Strickland Bill -Admonition to Parliament -Vesterian Controversy -Cartwright's Criticism -Cope's proposals -39 Articles -Separatists
34
Who were the Separatists?
-Puritans attempting to set up their own church on two separate instances in 1580 and 1590
35
Were the separatists a successful form of Puritan Opposition to Elizabeth?
-No. -attracted only a small number of people -1580 arrested and fled -1590 executed
36
Who was Cartwright? What did he do that opposed Elizabeth's religious reform?
-a leading academic in the church in 1570 -gave a series of lectures at Cambridge, contrasting the Elizabethan church unfavorably with the early church of the new Testament.
37
Is Cartwright a successful form of Puritan Opposition to Elizabeth?
-No. -Whitgift removed his freedom of speech and took his professorship
38
What was the Admonition to Parliament?
-Puritan Manifesto published to the public anonymously by clergymen Field and Wilcox
39
Was the 'Admonition to Parliament' a successful form of Puritan Opposition to Elizabeth?
Yes: -arrested by Elizabeth for a year BUT: -wide readership -brought Puritan ideas to the forefront of the debate -increased awareness of the ideas
40
What was the Strickland Bill?
-In 1571 Strickland set out to reform the Book of Common Prayer by banning use of surplice, rings in marriage and kneeling for communion
41
What was the reaction to the Strickland Bill?
-Some support from MPs, they spoke out when he was barred from HoC so he was allowed to return
42
Was the Strickland Bill a successful form of Puritan Opposition to Elizabeth?
-No -Once he returned to the HoC the Bill was never heard of again.
43
What was the Vesterian Controversy?
-In 1556 Sampson spoke out against vestments saying they made him stand out from the rest of the Church -he was removed from his position
44
What were the successes and failures of the Vesterian Controversy?
-Archbishop Parker made concessions by saying that robes with long sleeves only had to be worn for communion -Geneva did not give support saying it was insignificant and not as bad as a fully Catholic Church
45
Is the Vesterian Controversy an example of effective Puritan Opposition to Elizabeth?
No- ineffective lack of foreign support so limited pressure for more change
46
What were Cope's proposals?
-proposed a bill which included an overturning of the church -wanted the Geneva Prayer book to replace the Book of Common Prayer and to overturn bishops authority
47
What were the successes and failures of Cope's Proposals?
-bill won some Parliamentary support -Elizabeth sent for the bill and then sent Cope and four others to the tower. -Bill was attacked in Parliament, then disappeared.
48
Were Cope's Proposal's successful?
No.
49
What were the 39 articles?
-In 1571 it was agreed that any clergy with reservations on the laws set out by Elizabeth only had to acknowledge those concerned with doctrine
50
What were the successes and failures of the 39 Articles?
-a concession to Puritans -authorities did not always acknowledge this
51
Who were Elizabeth's Archbishops?
-Parker -Grindal -Whitgift
52
Who was Elizabeth's first Archbishop?
Parker
53
Who was Elizabeth's second Archbishop?
Grindal
54
Who was Elizabeth's third Archbishop?
Whitgoft
55
How many Archbishops did Elizabeth have?
3
56
Who was Elizabeth's favourite archbishop?
Whitgift
57
What was Archbishop Parker's aim?
-to establish Elizabeth’s church and conformity to rules
58
What was Archbishop Grindal's aim?
-Improve educational standards, improve gospel preaching through clergy meetings, more preachers
59
What was Archbishop Whitgift's aim?
-Ensure uniformity and conformity
60
What successes did Archbishop Parker have?
-In 1563, he refused to give in to radical demands over doctrine
61
What successes did Archbishop Grindal have?
none
62
What successes did Archbishop Whitgift have?
-took action against non-conformists -became member of Privy Council -investigated suspected Puritans and put them on trial -him and Elizabeth were very close- with her on her deathbed
63
What were the failures of Archbishop Parker?
-the vestment controversy- Liz didn't fully back him (was new and didn't want to be too harsh) and he struggled to deal with it -made concessions so Puritan movement got stronger
64
What were the failures of Archbishop Grindal?
-1567 disgraced with Liz and disobeyed orders to exterminate and suppress meetings. -Role was minimised, suspended, and discredited Liz’s Church
65
What were the failures of Archbishop Whitgift?
none
66
Who was the figurehead for Catholic Opposition in England?
Mary Queen of Scots
67
Who did Catholics want to rule England?
Mary Queen of Scots
68
Why was Mary Queen of Scots a figurehead for Catholic Opposition in England?
-Catholic -Strong claim to the throne
69
What was the first evidence of Catholic support for Mary Queen of Scots after she was imprisoned?
Northern Rebellion
70
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
71
What was the Northern Rebellion? (Who led it, what did they want etc)
-led by Catholic Earls -wanted Mary on throne
72
Was the Northern Rebellion successful?
- achieved a brief restoration of mass in Durham -was defeated by the royal army
73
What did the Pope do to oppose Elizabeth?
-excommunicated and deposed Liz in 1570 -In 1580 he stated that anyone that assassinates Liz ‘gains merit’
74
When was Elizabeth excommunicated?
1570
75
What did the excommunication and deposition of Liz mean for Catholics in England?
Catholics didn't have to follow her as queen
76
What did the seminary priests do?
supported existing catholics
77
True or False. There were a lot of seminary priests, they were very successful.
False -there were few in number but had some success
78
How did Liz react to the seminary priests?
-Act from 1547 said carrying a papal bull was treason -Harshly punished -First Priest executed in 1577
79
What did the Jesuit Priests do?
-tried to convert more people to Catholicism
80
How did Liz react to the Jesuit Priests?
-Act in 1581 increased recusancy fines to £20 a month and made it treason to recognise Papal authority -to convict Priests- asked ‘bloody Questions’ to entrap Catholics -Act of 1558 made it treasonable for an ordained Catholic Priest to be in England for over 40 days
81
True or False? The Act of 1558 made it treasonable for a Catholic to be in England for over 50 days.
-False! -The Act of 1558 made it treasonable for an ordained Catholic Priest to be in England for over 40 days
82
What were the bloody questions?
-questions used to entrap Catholic Priests -asked if they think all Catholics should obey Papal bull and overthrow Liz- if they answered yes, it was treason, if they answered no it was going against the Pope
83
The Act from 1547 said carrying a papal bull was treason. What was this a reaction to?
Seminary Priests
84
What are the examples of Catholic Opposition to Elizabeth?
-Rising in the North -the Pope -Ridolfi Plot -Seminary Priests -Jesuit Priests -Throckmorton Plot -Babington Plot -Parry Plot
85
When was Mary put under house arrest in England?
1568
86
Who was the leader of the Ridolfi Plot? Why was this significant?
-Duke of Norfolk -one of the most powerful nobles in the county -related to Elizabeth so she was reluctant to take action
87
What was the plan for the Ridolfi Plot?
-Duke of Norfolk to marry Mary, invite a Spanish invasion, depose Elizabeth, and Duke of Norfolk rule England
88
How did they uncover the Ridolfi Plot?
-Spy network intercepted and decoded a letter to ‘40’ which uncovered large funds being raised for a plot against Elizabeth, and a pamphlet praising MQS -Catholic courier exchanging letters was imprisoned and tricked into revealing the identity of 40, because he thought he was talking through the wall to a fellow catholic inmate
89
How did they deal with the Ridolfi Plot?
-an anonymous pamphlet that came from a press owned by Cecil was distributed on the street, accusing Norfolk of plotting against Elizabeth -this caused the public to start calling for Norfolk’s head. -He was executed in June 1572.
90
What was the plan of the Throckmorton plot?
-Throckmorton plotted with the Spanish ambassador to assassinate Liz to replace her with Mary.
91
When was the Throckmorton Plot?
1583
92
How was Throckmorton dealt with?
arrested and executed in 1584
93
True or False? The Bond of Association was crucial in getting MQS executed.
True
94
What was the Bond of Association?
-stated that anyone linked to plots to kill Elizabeth could be executed
95
What was the final straw in getting MQS executed?
Babington Plot + Bond of Association
96
When was the Bond of Association?
1584
97
What was the Parry Plot of 1585?
-Parry was a double agent working for Elizabeth and Mary. -He planned to shoot Liz in her garden.
98
When was the Babington Plot?
1586
99
What were the details of the Babington Plot?
-Babington sent encoded messages back and forth directly to Mary. -He and 100 followers plotted to break Mary out of house arrest
100
How was the Babington Plot uncovered?
-spy network- notes were hidden inside beer barrels, and the brewery man that delivered them revealed it to Cecil. -They intercepted and decoded a letter which was then used as evidence.
101
How old was Mary Queen of Scots when she became Queen?
6 days old
102
How was Mary treated when she came to Scotland?
-not welcomed as most nobles fiercely Protestant
103
Which Monarch gave their suppourt to Mary Queen of Scotts in 1585?
Phillip II of Spain
104
What was the Treaty of Berwick?
-stated if Mary executed, James wouldn't cause problems
105
When was Mary I executed?
1587
106
Who was Mary's husband? What was the advantage of this marriage?
Francis II King of France Made her Queen of France
107
Who did Mary marry in 1565? What was this marriage like?
-Lord Darnley- a catholic with strong claim to English throne -Abusive, he killed Rizzio, a close friend of Mary's
108
What were the main reasons for the decline in Catholicism?
-elizabeth's longevity -shortage of Priests -lack of support from European Catholics -defeat of Spanish Armada -death of Mary Queen of Scots -legislation -keenest Catholics going abroad
109
Explain how Elizabeth's Longevity is a cause of the decline in Catholicism?
-Elizabeth ruled for so long that for many, Elizabeth's Church was all that they had known- no one that knew about or had experienced the Catholic Church
110
Explain how a shortage of Priests is a cause of the decline in Catholicism?
-Nobody to keep faith and traditions alive so they died out.
111
Explain how a lack of support from European Catholics is a cause of the decline in Catholicism?
-If Catholics had supported Catholicism in England, Elizabeth could have been forced to tolerate them -however without abroad support Catholicism in England had a small base
112
Explain how the keenest Catholics going abroad is a cause of the decline in Catholicism?
-Meant that there were few Catholics in England devout enough to try do anything extreme/ pose a real threat.
113
Explain how the defeat of Spanish Armada is a cause of the decline in Catholicism?
-a propaganda victory -could legitimise her Church by saying that God helped her win therefore is on their side
114
Explain how the death of Mary Queen of Scots is a cause of the decline in Catholicism?
-loss of a figurehead to rally around
115
Explain how legislation is a cause of the decline in Catholicism?
-fines for not attending Church- only the rich could afford this -was far too risky to help/ shelter a Jesuit or Seminary Priest
116
Fill in the blank: Puritan threat was diminished by the late _____'s
1580
117
Fill in the blank: The death of ____ _____ left the Puritan movement without anyone to organise it
John Field
118
What are the reasons for/ evidence that there was limited survival of Puritanism throughout Elizabeth's reign?
-John Field tried to build up an alternative Church organisation but not enough classes to achieve this. -Lack of any agreed Puritan doctrine- e.g Book of Discipline made to be basis for an alternative church but there was dispute about its content -Puritanism was Bible-centred so a reasonable standard of literacy was required -Puritans highly critical of theatre and Sunday entertainment, which Elizabethans enjoyed too much -Three Articles introduced -death of John Field left the movement without anyone to organise it, leaving Puritanism localised and sometimes isolated - Spanish Armada defeat -arrests of leaders of the Puritans
119
What were the Three Articles? What impact did this have on Puritanism?
-Whitgift introduced the Three Articles which all clergy had to subscribe to - acknowledge the Royal Supremacy -agree the Book of Common Prayer contained nothing contrary to the word of God -agree the 39 Articles were aggregable to the word of God
120
True or False? Catholics were critical of Sunday entertainment and the Theatre, which Elizabethans loved too much, which is why they failed.
-False -PURITANS were critical of this, which is why their survival was limited.
121
Evidence of/ Reasons for survival of Puritanism?
-some leaders like Cartwright went to live elsewhere and continued the struggle from a safe distance -Some dismissed clergy found refuge in sympathiser households -Members of Privy council such as Cecil and Earl of Leicester spoke out on behalf of ministers threatened with losing their posts. -Supportive peer groups were set up and grew. -There was considerable success, under gentry and noble sponsorship, in setting up lectureships and increasing the volume of preaching -At a local level Puritanism did survive and continued to flourish in the reigns of Elizabeth's successors
122
Why was the Act of Supremacy rewritten so that Elizabeth was 'Supreme Governor' rather than 'Supreme Head'?
This appeased Catholics for whom the Pope was the head of the Church and who believed a woman could not hold the headship.
123
What happened to the Bishops of Winchester and Lincoln? What was the impact of this?
-sent to Tower so Liz could pass religious settlement -deprived of jobs after refusing to take Oath of Supremacy -greatly reduced Catholic Opposition

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