Elizabeth COPY Flashcards
What were 2 of Elizabeth’s aims regarding religion?
- To heal the divisions between Protestants and Catholics to avoid Civil War
- To maximise her personal power by taking as much control over the church as possible
What was the Act of Supremacy, 1559?
It re-established the break from Rome and an independent Church of England and all members of the clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to her.
However, as a compromise with Archbishops and Bishops being kept which it was hoped would please Catholics.
What was the Act of Uniformity, 1559?
Catholic Mass was abandoned and the Bible was written in English (to please protestants
Ornaments such as crosses and candles could be placed on the communion table and Priests had to war traditional- style Vestments (to please Catholics)
How were these two acts viewed at the time
Moderate Protestants and Catholics were happy with them but Puritan and extreme Catholics thought they were too generous to the “enemy”
What was a Puritan?
An English Protestant who wanted to further simplify the church of England and remove anything related to Catholicism.
Give four examples of when Puritans challenged Elizabeth and how Elizabeth dealt with them
1570 - Thomas Cartwright delivered a series of lectures and called for Bishops to be abolished. He was sacked from his position at Cambridge University.
1577 -Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury was placed under house arrest for not banning prophesying
300 ministers, most of whom had Puritan views, were suspended for refusing to agree to the Acts introducing in the first 5 years of Elizabeth reign.
1593 - Seditious Sectaries Act made Puritanism an offence
Why was Mary Queen of Scots a rival for the throne and a threat to Elizabeth?
Because Elizabeth was childless and Mary had a claim to the throne. She was a Pro – French and a Catholic
What did Elizabeth do with Mary when she arrived in England?
Mary was kept under house arrest
When was the Northern rebellion?
1569
What happened in the first stages
The duke of Norfolk, the Queens cousin wanted to marry Mary and put pressure on Elizabeth, as Marys claim to the throne would be strengthened strong. Dudley and Throckmorton were brought in to the plot but Dudley confessed to Elizabeth. Norfolk was arrested
What success did the rebels have?
Two Catholic nobles Northumberland and Westmorland started an uprising of 5000 rebels in the north and Mass was illegally held in Durham cathedral. In December they waited for Spanish assistance.
Why did the rebellion fail
Lack of foreign support
Lack of an uprising by the general population
Key Northern towns were held by the government e.g. York.
The rebels lost a short battle and Westmorland and Northumberland fled to Scotland
What was the impact of the Northern uprising
Elizabeth confiscated the land of the Earls who rebelled making her stronger
The reorganising of the Northern Council strengthened her position
Norfolk was released after 9 months in the tower of London
In what year did the Pope introduce a Bull excommunicating Elizabeth?
1570
Why was this significant
Because English Catholics did not have to be loyal to Elizabeth
When was the Treason Act
1571
What did the Treason Act state
Anyone denying Elizabeth’s supremacy and bringing in the Pope Bull of excommunication will be executed.
Who were the Jesuits
A group of Catholics committed to serving the Pope
What was the aim of Jesuit priests in England
To gain influence over rich and powerful families and turn them against Elizabeth
When did the Jesuit missionaries start coming to England
1580
Who was Edmund Champion
An English Jesuit Priest and the most famous Catholic missionary
What happened to Champion when he was captured in1581
He was tortured and executed
What was recusancy
Refusal to attend Church of England services
When was the fine for recusancy raised to £20
1581
In what year were large gatherings of Catholics banned
1593
What % of Catholics were recusants by the end of Elizabeth reign?
2%
When was the Catholic threat at it greatest
1580s
By when had the Catholic threat disappeared?
Late 1590s
In what year was the Radolfi plot
1571
In what year was the Throckmorton Plot?
1583
When was the Babington plot?
1586
Who was Babington
A Catholic recusant and organiser of the plot to kill Elizabeth and place Mary on the Throne
Why did Mary become involved in the Babington plot
Why did Mary become involved in the Babington plot Because she had been locked up for 20 years
How did the plot unfold?
Walsingham was aware of the plot an allowed it to develop to the point where Mary agreed to the assassination of Elizabeth
What happened to Mary
She was found guilty of treason and without Elizabeth knowing, she was beheaded.
What was the impact of her beheading?
Limited –
English Catholics did not rise up against Elizabeth
Although Philip of Spain did launch the Armada is was not a direct consequence of Marys execution
Why did Britain develop trading routes during the Elizabethan
To bring in Expensive goods eg silk
To bypass the taxes that had to be payed to the Ottoman Turks
The triangular lateen sail meant ships could sail in any direction regardless of the wind
The chance to get rich
What were privateers
People who had been given a licence by Elizabeth to steal from England’s enemies
What was the Eastland company?
A company formed in 1579 which traded Timber and rope with Scandinavia
What was the Levant company?
A company that traded good such as dyes and in the Mediterranean
What was the East India company?
A company formed in 1600 that traded in the far east in Silks, spices and tea
Who was John Hawkins?
A slave trader. He traded slaves captured in West Africa in the Caribbean making him very wealthy.
How did John Hawkins increase the tension between the Spanish and the English?
He lost was the battle of Battle of San Juan de Ulúa in 1568 increasing anti – Spanish feeling in the English court
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh
An English explorer who attempted to develop colonies in modern day north America.
What were the aims of Raleigh’s explorations?
He was given a Royal Patent to establish a Colony to gain control North America. It was hoped that England would gain control of goods such as wine and oil.
To ease the problems of poverty and overpopulation – people could be sent abroad
How successful was Raleigh
Both Raleigh’s attempts at Colonisation failed
What impact did his voyages have
He developed the idea that colonies could be set in North America and Virginia was settled by English colonisers after Elizabeth’s death
Who was Sir Francis Drake
A Privateer, successful captain who circumnavigated the globe 1577-80
What motivated Drake
Money and a love of England
What problems did Drake face when circumnavigating the globe
Rough seas
Pirates
The Spanish
Why was King Phillip Hostile to Elizabeth and England
Elizabeth had rejected him as a possible husband
As a devout Catholic Philip saw Elizabeth as a heretic
English Privateers stole from Spanish ships
What was the Spanish Netherlands
A Protestant country, controlled by Spain which had strong trading links with England
What was England’s role in the war between the Spanish and the Spanish Netherlands? England sent 70,00
In 1585 England sent 7000 troops under Dudley’s command to help the Dutch rebels. England and Spain were now at war
When did the Armada leave
May 1588
How did the Spanish contribute to the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
The Duke of Medina Sidonia who led the Armada was not an experienced Seaman and so made poor decisions
Medina Sidonia was not in communication with the Duke of Parma making an invasion nearly impossible
What role did the English play in the Spanish defeat?
Experienced seaman leading the fleet e.g. Lord Howard and Sir Francis Drake used effective tactics eg hit and run
English ships kept their distance making the Spanish cannons ineffective as they could only fire a relatively short distance
What role did luck play in the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
The wind changes direction and blew the Armada in to the North sea making it impossible to meet up with Parma. This was called the “Protestant wind”
