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Elizabeth Flashcards

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1
Q

What was patronage?

A

A way of ensuring loyalty through rewards of titles, land and monopolies.

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2
Q

What are two examples of patronage?

A

Sir Walter Raleigh’s monopoly on tin; Robert Cecil’s monopoly on Starch

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3
Q

Who were Liz’s closest four advisors?

A

William Cecil; Francis Walsingham; Robert Dudley; Christopher Hatton

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4
Q

Which two of her four favourite advisors served as Secretary of State?

A

William Cecil and Francis Walsingham

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5
Q

Who was the “Secretary of State”?

A

The leader of the Privy Council

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6
Q

How many people were in the Privy Council?

A

Around 20 people in the Privy Coucil

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7
Q

Who were the Privy Council?

A

Elizabeth’s 20ish closest advisors who negotiated between Parliament and the Crown

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8
Q

Why was Elizabeth known as the “Virgin Queen”?

A

Because she never married

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9
Q

How was the economy at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Weak

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10
Q

Why did parliamentarians want to find Liz a husband?

A

Because they wanted her to have an heir

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11
Q

Why was it important for Liz to have an heir?

A

Because without a clear successor, there could be a civil war after her death.

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12
Q

Why did Liz reject King Phillip of Spain?

A

Because he was catholic, and England had now been made protestant by Liz’s father

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13
Q

Why didn’t Liz want to marry?

A

She didn’t want to risk losing her power as monarch to her husband (a man)

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14
Q

Liz rejected King Eric of _______

A

Sweden

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15
Q

Liz rejected Archduke ______ of Austria

A

Charles

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16
Q

Which year did Liz became Queen?

A

Liz became Queen in 1558

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17
Q

How old was Liz when she became Queen?

A

25 years old

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18
Q

How long was Liz’s reign?

A

44 years long

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19
Q

How many times did Liz call parliament during her reign?

A

13 times

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20
Q

What 3 things did Parliament do?

A

1 = pass laws, 2 = set taxes, 3 = advise the Queen

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21
Q

Why was MP Peter Wentworth arrested?

A

Suggesting that MPs should be allowed to express their view on ANY subject

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22
Q

How many times was MP Peter Wentworth arrested?

A

3 times

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23
Q

Who arrested MP Peter Wentworth one time?

A

Other MPs who supported Elizabeth (once).

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24
Q

What kind of person was most supportive of the middle way?

A

A protestant

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25
Q

Was all of parliament protestant?

A

No, there was a movement of Puritans in parliament who wanted to change the Church of England

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26
Q

Were the puritan parliamentarians able to change the Church of England?

A

No, they didn’t have enough support in parliament

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27
Q

What was a puritan?

A

A member of a radical branch of protestants who hated Catholicism

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28
Q

What did the government try to do to the poor at first?

A

Punish them

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29
Q

What was the 1563 Act?

A

Poor were categorised and then treated differently

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30
Q

Who were the Deserving Poor?

A

The old, young and sick

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31
Q

Who were the Undeserving Poor?

A

Criminals and beggars

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32
Q

How were the Deserving Poor treated?

A

Provided almshouses, clothes, food and money

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33
Q

How were the Undeserving Poor treated in 1563?

A

Beaten in the streets

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34
Q

Who were the Deserving Unemployed?

A

People who couldn’t find work

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35
Q

How were the Deserving Unemployed treated?

A

Cared for in almshouses and given apprenticeships

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36
Q

What was the 1572 Act?

A

The first compulsory poor tax law: “The Poor Rate”, and beggars were given new punishments

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37
Q

Who collected the Poor Rate?

A

Justices of the Peace

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38
Q

What was a Justice of the Peace?

A

Someone who made sure the public followed laws

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39
Q

Who paid the Poor Rate?

A

land owners

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40
Q

Where did Poor Rate money go?

A

To the deserving Poor

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41
Q

What punishments did beggars get under the 1572 act?

A

First offence = whipped, Second offence = hole bored through ear, Third offence = executed

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42
Q

What was the 1576 Act?

A

Each town had to provide work through workhouses

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43
Q

What was the 1598 Act?

A

“Overseers of the Poor” created, begging forbidden

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44
Q

What did an “Overseer of the Poor” do?

A

Calculate Poor Rate for each town, collect it, give it out, and supervise the parish Poor House

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45
Q

What happened to ear boring in 1598 act?

A

Practice ended

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46
Q

How were beggars punished in 1598?

A

Whipped through the streets- dangerous rogues banished/ executed

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47
Q

What was the 1601 Act?

A

Law making each parish levy a Poor Rate, provide work, care for orphans or the struggling, offer relief and ensure families looked after each other

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48
Q

How long did the 1601 Act last?

A

230 years

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49
Q

What scale was the 1601 act enforced

A

Nationwide

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50
Q

Did all MPs approve of monopolies?

A

No

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51
Q

Who was MP Robert Bell?

A

Someone who protested monopolies

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52
Q

When did MP Robert Bell protest monopolies?

A

1571

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53
Q

Did MP Robert Bell have support?

A

Yes, other MPs joined him

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54
Q

Did Elizabeth promise reforms to the monopoly system?

A

Yes, eventually

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55
Q

When did Elizabeth promise reforms to the monopoly system?

A

In 1601

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56
Q

What was wrong with Elizabeth’s promise to reform the monopoly system?

A

She gave no details and was very vague

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57
Q

Who was Lord Darnley

A

Mary Queen of Scots’s second husband

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58
Q

Who was Mary Queen of Scots accused of murdering?

A

Lord Darnley

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59
Q

When was Mary Queen of Scots accused of murder?

A

1567

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60
Q

Who was Mary Queen of Scots first married to?

A

The heir to the french throne

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61
Q

Why did Mary Queen of Scots return to Scotland?

A

Because her first husband died

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62
Q

Who was Mary Queen of Scots’s third husband?

A

The Earl of Bothwell

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63
Q

Why were people suspicious of the Earl of Bothwell?

A

Mary married him only a few months after Lord Darnely’s death. They suspected foul play

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64
Q

Why did the Scottish nobles rebel against Mary?

A

Because of the murder and the marriage

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65
Q

What did Mary do after the nobles rebelled?

A

Abdicated and fled to England

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66
Q

Why was Mary a threat to Elizabeth?

A

She was catholic, and the catholics saw her as a figurehead

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67
Q

What did the Privy Councillors want to do to Mary?

A

Execute her

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68
Q

What did Liz end up doing to Mary?

A

Held her captive for 19 while a murder investigation occurred

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69
Q

What were the Casket Letters?

A

Letters supposedly between Mary and Bothwell that indicated guilt, but could have been fake

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70
Q

What was the Northern Rebellion?

A

An attempt to depose Elizabeth (and replace her with Mary)

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71
Q

What was the Babington Plot?

A

A plot to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary as she was catholic

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72
Q

When was the Northern Rebellion?

A

1569

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73
Q

When was the Babington Plot?

A

1586

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74
Q

What year did Mary become Queen of Scotland

A

1542

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75
Q

How old was Mary (Scots) when she became Queen?

A

8 days old

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76
Q

When did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church

A

The 1530s

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77
Q

What did Edward do (Cath. v Prot.) and how?

A

Make the country more protestant by removing elaborate statues and vestments

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78
Q

What did Mary do (Cath. v Prot.) and how?

A

Make the country catholic again w/ the pope as head of the church, and killing protestants

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79
Q

How many protestants did Mary execute

A

Nearly 300

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80
Q

What is transubstantiation

A

process were communion bread n wine turn into body n blood as it is eaten

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81
Q

What was the “Religious Settlement”

A

Elizabeth trying to find common ground between Protestantism and Catholocism

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82
Q

What Acts made up the Religious Settlement

A

Act of Uniformity; Act of Supremacy

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83
Q

When was the Act of Uniformity

A

1559

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84
Q

What was the Act of Uniformity

A

Services were to be made in english, using the Book of Common Prayer HOWEVER Catholics were free to worship how they wanted in private and keep the decorations and vestments

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85
Q

When was the Act of Supremacy

A

1559

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86
Q

What was the Act of Supremacy

A

Elizabeth was “governer” of the church rather than “head” of the church

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87
Q

Why was it important that the country became more secular

A

So that Catholics felt less persecuted

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88
Q

Who did Elizabeth appoint as Archbishop of Canterbury during her Religious Settlement

A

Matthew Parker

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89
Q

How did priests become more secular in Religious Settlement

A

they were allowed to marry

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90
Q

What was the Counter-Reformation

A

A movement by the catholic church to make England catholic again, using missionaries sent with the Pope’s support

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91
Q

Example of a Counter-Reformer who sent missionaries

A

William Allen (of the Netherlands)

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92
Q

Who were the Jesuits

A

A branch of counter-reformer missionaries who tried to spread their message in England

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93
Q

Why was Liz scared of the Jesuits

A

She thought they were a threat to national stability

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94
Q

Why did Liz become less tolerant of Catholics

A

she feared rebellion

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95
Q

When were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services introduced

A

1571

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96
Q

Were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services enforced?

A

No

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97
Q

When were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services increased and what to?

A

1581, £20

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98
Q

What anti-Catholic rule came into place in 1585

A

Catholic priests who started practicing AFTER 1559 were traitors so could be put to death, Seminary was introduced, Jesuit priests were hounded from the country

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99
Q

What was Seminary

A

priest school

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100
Q

When was the ‘statute of confinement’

A

1593

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101
Q

What was the ‘statue of confinement’

A

Catholics could not travel more than five miles from home without permission

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102
Q

Who was Edward Campion

A

A popular jesuit priest trying to convert people, undermining Liz

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103
Q

What happened to Edward Campion and when

A

He was tortured n hanged at the tower in 1580

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104
Q

Who was John Field

A

A prominent Puritan

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105
Q

When was John Field banned from preaching

A

for encouraging prophesyings

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106
Q

When was John Field banned from preaching

A

1580

107
Q

What was a prophesying

A

religious meetings where radical puritans often questioned the need for bishops

108
Q

What was a radical puritan called

A

A Presbytarian

109
Q

Who introduced the rule banning unlicensed preaching in the 1580s

A

John Whitgift

110
Q

Who was John Whitgift

A

The new archbishop of canterbury, an anti-puritan

111
Q

Why was Liz scared of Puritans

A

they thought her church was too catholic and undermined her decisions

112
Q

What were printers punished for in the 1580s

A

circulating puritan messages

113
Q

What happened if you didn’t follow the no-unlicensed preaching rule

A

You were imprisoned

114
Q

Why was Liz threatened by the questioning of bishops

A

The people of the church were in charge, subverting the hierarchy and threatening her power n control

115
Q

Who led the Northern Rebellion

A

the Earl of Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland

116
Q

Why did the two northern earls rebel

A

Many northern nobles were catholic, and the Queen had denied the Duke of Norfolk from marrying Mary QOS

117
Q

Why did the Earl of Northumberland in particular rebel

A

Liz had confiscated a lot of his land, and given it to rival earls (one northern, one southern)

118
Q

How did the Northern Rebellion begin

A

With an illegal catholic mass in Durham Cathedral

119
Q

How many men marched south with the earls

A

4600

120
Q

Who challenged the rebellion

A

The (loyalist) Earl of Sussex and his troops

121
Q

What did the northern rebels do upon being challenged

A

they dispersed

122
Q

What did Liz do after the Northern rebellion

A

Execute Earl of Nor., and imprison the Duke of Norfolk (Earl of Wes. escaped to France)

123
Q

How did the northern rebellion backfire

A

They wanted more independence, but ended up with more government oppression

124
Q

Who did Liz put in charge of the Council of the North to govern the region after the rebellion

A

Henry Hastings, a Puritan

125
Q

When was Liz excommunicated

A

1570

126
Q

What did Liz being excommunicated mean?

A

Catholics didn’t have to see her as a legit Queen, therefore she was more vulnerable to rebellion/attack

127
Q

When was the Ridolfi Plot

A

1571

128
Q

What was the Ridolfi Plot

A

Plan to assassinate Liz by Roberto di Ridolfi, and marry the Duke of Norfolk to Mary QOS

129
Q

Outcome of the Ridolfi Plot

A

Duke of Norfolk executed, Mary QOS monitored more closely

130
Q

Specifics of the Babington Plot

A

rich Catholic Anthony Babington sent coded messages to Mary QOS detailing that France and Spain would invade via beer barrels, however servants transporting the barrels were spys of Sir Francis Walsingham, spymaster

131
Q

Outcome of Babington Plot

A

Mary QOS executed!!!! and Babington

132
Q

When did Liz sign Mary QOS’s death warrant

A

1 Feb 1587

133
Q

Implications of Mary QOS’s death warrant signed

A

Liz risked angering her enemies, the pope, France, and Spain, and possibily being executed later herself, in order to eliminate a current threat

134
Q

Throckmorton plot

A

1583, Catholics would rebel, French troops would invade, funded by Pope n Spain, conspirator Throckmorton

135
Q

Outcome of throckmorton

A

throck executed; nobles signed Bond of Association (anyone trying to assass./overthrow would be executed)

136
Q

When was the Essex rebellion

A

1601

137
Q

What did the Earl of Essex do to anger the queen before his rebellion

A

Failed to control rebels in the 9 year war, signed a truce, returned home, all without her consent

138
Q

Earl of Essex’s name

A

Robert Devereaux

139
Q

When did Liz’s court split into factions

A

1590s, when Walsingham and Hatton died

140
Q

Who was Essex’s rival in court

A

Robert Cecil (and his father, William, before)

141
Q

Example of previous success of Essex

A

Successfully attacked Cadiz in Spain

142
Q

When did Essex attack Cadiz

A

1596

143
Q

What happened to make Essex resent Liz after Cadiz

A

They argued, he turned his back on her, she hit him on the head and placed him under house arrest

144
Q

How did Liz punish Essex for his actions in Ireland

A

Took away his sweet wine monopoly, costing him his power and influence

145
Q

Why did Essex rebel

A

Because he had fallen from favour due to the Queen, and resented her

146
Q

How many supporters did Essex have in his rebellion

A

About 200

147
Q

What was Essex’s act of rebellion

A

Held four privy council members hostage

148
Q

How did Robert Cecil respond to Essex’s rebellion

A

Called him a traitor

149
Q

What happened after Cecil called Essex a traitor?

A

Many of his supporters abandoned him, he was arrested

150
Q

What did Essex do to try and raise support

A

Bribed the Lord Chamberlain’s Men into performing Richard II at the globe

151
Q

How much did the population grow under Liz’s reign

A

from 3 million to 4 million

152
Q

Side effect of population growth (land)

A

More land competition, increased rent

153
Q

Side effect of population growth (food)

A

Food prices went up as demand increased but supply could not keep up. Food prices grew faster than wages, so living standards decreased. The poor had less money for things like clothes and housing

154
Q

How did farming methods change?

A

Sheep farming became popular instead of grain farming

155
Q

Effect of farming methods changing?

A

Many people lost their jobs as farm workers

156
Q

Why did poor people get less support from the church?

A

Monasteries had been dissolved by Henry VIII, who used to give medical treatment and support to the poor and sick

157
Q

Why did the gentry come about under Liz’s reign?

A

Increased trading opportunities from explorers like Sir Francis Drake meant non-nobles could become rich

158
Q

Who were the gentry

A

Wealthy land-owners beneath the noble classes

159
Q

Why was fashion important to Elizabethans?

A

To showcase wealth and social status

160
Q

What was fashion like in Elizabethan England

A

Elaborate, expensive and extravagant

161
Q

Examples of clothes materials for the rich

A

Silk, velvet, lace

162
Q

What was a ruff

A

A starched frill worn round the neck. Larger ruffs demonstrated how rich you were as you could afford lots of fabric to use on a ruff

163
Q

Two details about Elizabethan dresses

A

Large skirts supported by a hoop; full length sleeves

164
Q

Why did sheep farming become popular

A

Higher profits because only needs one worker (a shepherd) and wool could be sold to European countries for a higher price than grain

165
Q

What did the gentry usually become?

A

MPs or Justices of the Peace

166
Q

Why was the period called “the golden age”

A

Because living standards for some (not all, mainly the gentry) increased greatly

167
Q

What style of small farms decreased in popularity?

A

Subsistence Farming

168
Q

What was subsistence farming?

A

Small farms where farmers each grew only enough for themselves

169
Q

Example famous actor

A

Richard Burbage

170
Q

Example of Theatre Troupe

A

Lord Chamberlain’s Men (Shakespeare’s troop)

171
Q

Could women be actors?

A

no

172
Q

What was the new development in theatre in Elizabethan England?

A

Many of the first permanent theatres were built

173
Q

Where did the rich sit in the theatre?

A

Galleries (covered)

174
Q

Where did the poor stand in the theatre?

A

The pit

175
Q

Name for the false ceiling of a theatre

A

“The heavens”

176
Q

Examples of scenery/ special effects in a theatre

A

Props on stage, ropes and pulleys in the “heavens” for actors to “fly” in on harnesses, trapdoors leading to “hell”, cannons, live animals, music

177
Q

What was “hell” in a theatre

A

An area under the stage for actors and props, which could access the stage through trapdoors

178
Q

Why did everyone attend the theatre?

A

Low prices meant almost everyone could afford it

179
Q

Were there hidden messages in plays?

A

Yes, critiquing the ruling class or giving political propaganda

180
Q

Why was the Globe Theatre in the city of Southwark?

A

The City of London opposed theatres

181
Q

Why did some London oppose theatres

A

They thought they encouraged crime and disruption

182
Q

Why did Puritans oppose theatres

A

They thought they distracted from prayer and were sinful

183
Q

Why did some oppose theatres medically

A

They thought large crowds increased the spread of diseases

184
Q

Why could theatres be dangerous?

A

Members of the audience could get drunk on the ale/mead/wine sold as refreshments and be violent/commit crime

185
Q

Popular expensive pastimes for the nobles?

A

Fencing, hunting, tennis

186
Q

Popular pastimes for the poor

A

Feasts, jousts, bowls and archery

187
Q

Why didn’t the poor have much time for leisure

A

They worked Monday-Saturday and went to church on Sunday

188
Q

What was Elizabethan football like?

A

Villages would compete, no limit to team size, often violent

189
Q

How were children taught

A

Behaviour and religion was taught at home, from 6yrs onwards they would go to Sunday School

190
Q

How were rich children taught

A

With private tutors

191
Q

How were poor children taught

A

Taught housekeeping and manual labour

192
Q

What was Petty School

A

The lowest form of education, for boys and girls ages 5-7, with no classes or yearbooks, and no curriculum. It was run by priests or the wealthy, children would become literate and leave

193
Q

What was a Grammar School

A

A school for ages 7-14, mostly boys, but had some noble girls, teaching religion, latin, greek and arithmetic

194
Q

Who would attend University (Oxbridge)

A

Only men, the best students of the grammar schools. They learnt in latin

195
Q

What would children learn to read and write with?

A

hornbooks (wooden paddles displaying things like alphabets or religious materials, protected by a transparent layer of horn)

196
Q

Why were soldiers and monks, nuns and church employees short of work?

A

Under Henry VII, private armies had been restricted and monasteries had been dissolved

197
Q

When were there bad harvests that caused food price inflation due to shortages

A

1594-1598

198
Q

When was “Warning Against Vagabonds” published

A

1567

199
Q

Who was “Warning Against Vagabonds” by

A

Thomas Harman

200
Q

What belief explained the structure of society

A

The Great Chain of Being

201
Q

Why were beggars and vagabonds still not trusted, despite attitudes towards the poor changing?

A

They were seen as dishonest and untrustworthy, and having no interest in honest work

202
Q

Who was “Tom O’Bedlam”

A

A stereotype of a vagabond who would pretend to be mad in order to beg, who perpetuated anti-beggar beliefs

203
Q

Why was the time period known as the “age of discovery”

A

Sailors like Sir Walter Raleigh, John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake navigated the world, increasing England’s prestige and power

204
Q

How did Elizabeth worsen her relations with King Philip II of Spain

A

By unofficially supporting the privateers who attacked his ships

205
Q

What years did Drake circumnavigate the globe

A

1577-1580

206
Q

Things Drake did on his journey

A

Raid Spanish ports in the Americas, lose several ships to storms

207
Q

how did Liz reward Drake

A

by knighting him

208
Q

How did Drake encourage other explorers

A

Through his knighthood and wealth

209
Q

What did Walter Raleigh do in 1584

A

Be given the Queen’s permission to found colonies in any non-christian parts of the Americas

210
Q

Did any of the american colonies last?

A

No

211
Q

When did Raleigh set up Roanoke Island colony, Virginia?

A

1585

212
Q

Why was it called “Virginia”

A

after the Virgin Queen

213
Q

How many settles were on Roanoke Island

A

108

214
Q

When did most of the Roanoke settlers return

A

1586

215
Q

How many Roanoke settlers were left in 1590

A

none

216
Q

Why was Roanoke unsuccessful

A

Not enough supplies, not enough quality farm land

217
Q

Was Raleigh admired, despite his failure

A

Yes, he was a court favourite

218
Q

What was Roanoke referred to as

A

The Lost Colony

219
Q

When did Raleigh fall from favour

A

1592

220
Q

Why did Raleigh fall from favour

A

Liz discovered he was married to one of her ladies in waiting

221
Q

How did Liz punish Raleigh in 1592?

A

Banned him from court, imprisoned him briefly

222
Q

Did Raleigh ever return to politics

A

Yes, as an MP

223
Q

When did Raleigh become an MP

A

1593

224
Q

What was most of Enland’s trade in 1550

A

Exporting wool to Antwerp

225
Q

When was the East India Trading company created

A

1600

226
Q

How were English Ships superior

A

Triangular sails were faster, astrolabe device improved navigation -> backstaff improved on astrolabe

227
Q

Who invented the backstaff

A

John Davis

228
Q

What was a backstaff

A

A navigation device used by the English

229
Q

When was the backstaff invented

A

the 1590s

230
Q

Who was John Hawkins

A

A courtier who kidnapped and sold hundreds of West Africans in 1564 and sold them to south america, and early example of the European Slave trade, and the first englishman to take part

231
Q

When did John Hawkins kidnap the West Africans

A

1564

232
Q

How did exploration bring wealth to the country?

A

More trade, raiding spanish ports

233
Q

Reason for tension with spain (marriage)

A

King Philip II had been married to Mary, but she died without an heir, preventing spanish unification. He proposed to Liz but she rejected him

234
Q

When did Mary (sis) die?

A

1558

235
Q

Reason for tension with spain (religion)

A

Spain was catholic, liz was excommunicated in 1570

236
Q

Reason for tension with spain (netherlands)

A

Netherlands were spanish; Liz supported protestant rebels financially. Treaty of Nonsuch gave them military support

237
Q

What was the Treaty of Nonsuch?

A

Gave military support to Dutch rebels and promised that they had England’s protection

238
Q

When was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed?

A

1585

239
Q

Why did Liz support the rebels

A

She relied on dutch ports like Antwerp (wool) for trade, she wanted to maintain a balance against Spain’s growing power, and wanted to support fellow protestants

240
Q

What did Robert Dudley do in the Netherlands in 1585

A

led in 7000 english troops after William of Orange’s death and became “Governer-General”

241
Q

Why did the title of “governer-general” given to Dudley anger Philip II

A

It implied he was ruler of the netherlands

242
Q

When did Dudley lose the war in the Netherlands and why

A

1587 (resigned) (bad strategy, under-equipped, under-funded)

243
Q

Reason for tension with spain (privateers)

A

Privateers like Drake raided spanish ships and ports

244
Q

How much did Drake take in his most profitable capture

A

36 kg of gold, a golden crucifix, jewels, 13 chests of royal plate and 26 tons of silver

245
Q

What was the name of Drake’s most profitable capture?

A

Nuestra Señora de la Concepción

246
Q

When did Philip II propose to Elizabeth

A

1559

247
Q

How many spanish ships did Drake destroy in Cadiz

A

25-35

248
Q

Why did Elizabeth support Drake raiding Cadiz

A

for that sweet loot, and because she suspected that Phil was preparing to go to war with her

249
Q

What was the significance of lots of wood being damaged in the Cadiz raid

A

wood was used to store food, which now couldn’t be stored well, so lots rotted en route

250
Q

Nickname for the raid on Cadiz

A

Singeing of the King of Spain’s beard

251
Q

how much did the Cadiz raid delay the spanish armarda by

A

12 months

252
Q

What was a fireship

A

An old ship set ablaze and sent into the middle of the enemy, inciting panic

253
Q

How did new technology assist in the spanish armada

A

Lateen sails made english ships very fast and agile, as well as more precise in attack; cannons were developed to be more powerful

254
Q

How did morale assist in the spanish armada

A

Elizabeth personally delivered a speech to the english sailors, encouraging them in battle

255
Q

Where did Elizabeth deliver her armada speech

A

Tilbury Docks

256
Q

Examples of poor spanish tactics in the armada?

A

Tried to board to fight, but English just kept their distance, men were less experienced

257
Q

Examples of good english tactics in the armada

A

Targeted the broadside, killing gunners, so that no one could operate cannons; English had a large navy of fighting vessels due to Henry VIII; “line of battle” formation meant a single line of ships fired on the enemy; fireships

258
Q

Who was Liz’s naval commanda

A

John Hawkins

259
Q

When was the spanish armada

A

1588

260
Q

How many spanish ships were in the armada

A

151 ships

261
Q

How many spanish sailors were in the armada

A

7,000 sailors

262
Q

How many soldiers were in the armada

A

34,000 soldiers

263
Q

Outcome of Armada

A

English won, many catholics pledged loyalty to the Queen “god was on her side”, Phil was too intimidated to go through with a second attempt

R's History (Elizabethan) (8 decks)

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