Elizabeth Chapter 8- Conflict with Spain Flashcards

1
Q

What were the main reasons for conflict between Spain and England during Elizabeth’s reign?

A

*Marriage issue: Philip II was married to Mary I but tensions grew after her death.
*Papal bull (1570): Pope excommunicated Elizabeth & called for Catholics to challenge her.
*Religious differences: England became Protestant under Elizabeth; Spain remained Catholic.
*Actions of English sailors: English privateers like Drake attacked Spanish ships & ports.

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2
Q

How did English sailors like Sir Francis Drake contribute to tension with Spain?

A

*Raided Spanish ships & ports, stealing treasure from Spanish colonies.
*Drake’s 1587 raid on Cadiz destroyed dozens of Spanish ships, known as “singeing the King of Spain’s beard.”
*Elizabeth supported these actions by granting licenses in exchange for treasure sharing.

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3
Q

How did English sailors like Sir Francis Drake contribute to tension with Spain?

A

*Raided Spanish ships & ports, stealing treasure from Spanish colonies.
*Drake’s 1587 raid on Cadiz destroyed dozens of Spanish ships, known as “singeing the King of Spain’s beard.”
*Elizabeth supported these actions by granting licenses in exchange for treasure sharing.

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4
Q

How did the situation in the Netherlands escalate tensions between Spain and England?

A
  • Protestant uprising in the Netherlands (1566); Philip sent troops to restore order.
  • Elizabeth secretly supported the rebels, sending money & allowing ships to use English ports.
  • By 1585, she sent 7,000 troops led by Robert Dudley to support the rebels, an act of war.
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5
Q

What were the key advancements in naval warfare during Elizabeth’s reign?

A
  • Line of battle tactic: Ships fired together in formation to sink enemy ships.
  • Fireships: Old ships set on fire and sent into enemy fleets to cause chaos.
  • New technology: Lateen sails for speed & maneuverability, powerful cannons, & astrolabe for navigation.
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6
Q

What was Philip II of Spain’s plan for the Spanish Armada in 1588?

A

*151 ships, 34,000 soldiers, & 7,000 sailors aimed to sail to the Netherlands to collect more men before invading England.
*Armada would sail in an unbreakable crescent formation.
*Ships were packed with weapons for land battles after defeating the English navy.

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7
Q

When did the Spanish Armada leave Lisbon?

A

28 May 1588

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8
Q

Where was the Armada on 6 August 1588, and what significant event occurred?

A

*Anchored off the Dutch coast near Calais, waiting for additional soldiers.
*The English, led by Sir Francis Drake, sent fireships into the fleet on 7 August, causing panic.

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9
Q

What occurred during the Battle of Gravelines on 8 August 1588?

A
  • English cannons fired from 100 meters away, damaging many Spanish ships.
  • None were sunk, but the Spanish commander, Duke of Medina-Sidonia, ordered a retreat.
  • The English pursued the Spanish fleet.
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10
Q

How did storms impact the Spanish Armada’s retreat?

A

*A great storm blew the Armada off course, wrecking many ships.
*Food rotted, water became polluted, and many sailors became sick.
*Of the original 151 ships, only 65 returned to Spain.

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11
Q

What were the reasons for the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

A

English tactics: Fireships broke the formation, cannons made regrouping impossible.
English ships: Faster & had more experienced commanders.
Weather: Storms destroyed many Spanish ships & delayed their return, worsening conditions.

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12
Q

What mistakes did Spain make during the Armada campaign?

A

-Ships designed for the Mediterranean couldn’t handle the harsh English Channel conditions.
-Delayed waiting for soldiers in the Netherlands.
-Weapons suited for land battles, not sea, and many wrong cannonballs were brought.
-The commander lacked naval experience.

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13
Q

What were the main consequences of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

A

-Boosted England’s reputation as a naval power.
-United the country under Elizabeth, even winning loyalty from Catholics.
-Increased Elizabeth’s popularity and helped shape the idea of the “Golden Age.”
-Philip II never attempted another large-scale invasion.

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14
Q

What was the date when the Spanish Armada left Lisbon for England?

A

28 May 1588: The Armada leaves Lisbon, beginning its campaign against England.

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15
Q

On what date did the Spanish Armada arrive at Corunna, Spain, after leaving Lisbon?

A

19 June 1588: The Armada arrives at Corunna for repairs and supplies.

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16
Q

When did the Spanish Armada set sail for England after stopping at Corunna?

A

21 July 1588: The Armada departs from Corunna and heads toward England.

17
Q

On what date was the Spanish Armada first sighted off the coast of Cornwall, England?

A

29 July 1588: The Armada was sighted off Cornwall, marking the beginning of confrontation with the English fleet.

18
Q

Between which dates was the Spanish Armada attacked by English ships?

A

31 July – 4 August 1588: The Armada was engaged by English ships in a series of attacks.

19
Q

On what date did the Spanish Armada arrive at Calais?

A

6 August 1588: The Armada arrived at Calais, planning to meet up with the Duke of Parma’s army.

20
Q

What significant event involving fireships occurred in Calais harbour?

A

7 August 1588: The English sent fireships into Calais harbour, forcing the Armada to scatter and lose formation.

21
Q

When did the Battle of Gravelines take place, and what was its significance?

A

8 August 1588: The Battle of Gravelines occurred, where the English inflicted heavy damage on the Spanish fleet.

22
Q

When did the Spanish Armada sail into the North Sea after the Battle of Gravelines?

A

9 August 1588: The Armada sailed into the North Sea, forced to abandon its invasion plans.

23
Q

During which months did the Spanish Armada sail past Scotland and Ireland?

A

August – September 1588: The Armada sailed past Scotland and Ireland, encountering severe storms that caused significant losses.

24
Q

When did the remnants of the Spanish Armada return to Spain after their failed campaign?

A

September – October 1588: The surviving ships of the Armada returned to Spain, marking the end of the expedition.