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history - tudors > Elizabeth And Government > Flashcards

Elizabeth And Government Flashcards

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1
Q

How old was Elizabeth’s when she became queen?

A

25 when she became queen

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2
Q

Her relationship with who was dangerous?

A

Thomas Seymour

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3
Q

What were 3 problems with Liz consolidation of power?

A
  • England at war with France and had lost Calais
  • liz protestant ruining a largely catholic country
  • liz faced pressure to marry and secure the succession
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4
Q

How many of Mary’s advisors pledged their allegiance to liz

A

9

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5
Q

Who was liz principal secretary

A

William Cecil

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6
Q

How did she ensure Mary’s councillors loyalty

A

Hope for advancement from the new queen by leaving posy’s open apart from principal secretary

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7
Q

When was her coronation

A

January 1559

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8
Q

Who internationally accepted Elizabeth

A

Acceptance from Spanish ambassador, who proposed marriage with Philip of Spain

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9
Q

Why was the royal court important

A

Important for managing government and liz could seek advice from individuals outside of the council

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10
Q

What was dispensed at the royal court to win loyalty of the nobility and gentry

A

Patronage and impressing people with monarchy power

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11
Q

What was the presence chamber

A

Public space open to anyone of the right status

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12
Q

Which courtier did Elizabeth rely on for political advice?

A

Earl of Leister

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13
Q

What was the main govenrment body

A

Privy council

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14
Q

How often did the privy council meet in a week?

A

3-6 times a week

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15
Q

How many members were in the privy council

A

10 members

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16
Q

What did the privy council oversee the actions of

A

Council of the north

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17
Q

Who did the privy council instruct

A

Local governemnt (JPs, lord elite at in govenrment policy and acted as the highest court of law)

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18
Q

How long did chief minister William cecil run government?

A

Nearly 40 years

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19
Q

Which 4 people supported Cecil on the council

A
  • Sir Nicholas BAcon
  • Sir Francis Knollys
  • Francis Russel
  • Earl of Bedford
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20
Q

Who was Elizabeths favourite and when did he join the council?

A

Robert Dudley and joined the council in 1562

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21
Q

Who represented conservative views?

A

Duke of Norfolk, Marquis do Winchester and earls of Sussex and Shrewsbury

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22
Q

Why did the Council become firmly Protestant in the 1570s (who died and who came in)

A
  • execution of Norfolk, death of Winchester
  • appointment of Protestants such as Sir Francis Walsingham, Sir Walter Mildmay and Sir Ralph Sadler
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23
Q

What 2 major disputes were there in Elizabeths council

A
  • foreign policy (support for Protestant cause in Netherlands)
  • execution of MQS
  • but in general council served her well
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24
Q

What were the 4 reasons for Liz government to decline in 1580s

A
  • number of experienced ministers died ina. Quick succession (Sadler, Mildmay, Walsingham, Leister and Hatton)
  • Liz not replace lost ministers or did so with thr sons of ministers who lacked the abilities of their fathers
  • there were few great noblemen on the council which may have hampered the ability of govenrment to impose its wishes to the localities
  • Cecil refused to allow Lord Burghley (Cecil) to retire although his effectiveness declined in 1590s. His son Robert Cecil was appointed to council to help him
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25
Q

What did Elizabeth regard parliament as?

A

A necessary evil

26
Q

Why did Liz need parliament

A

Pass laws and grant taxation

27
Q

Why did Liz react angrily to parliament

A

Reacted angrily when Parliament tried to offer her advice, especially when it infringed on the royal prerogative for example regarding marriage

28
Q

Why was parliament an important mechanism for the government

A

Important point of contact with those who administered the localities on their behalf

29
Q

How many new seats were created during liz reign by request of who

A

62 new seats

Requested by local aristocracy so they could reward their local supporters and this is a good illustration of how the patronage system was used to ensure that government policies were followed by rewarding loyal service

30
Q

How many acts were passed during Liz reign?

A

438 acts

31
Q

What were the 2 most important acts passed at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Acts of supremacy anmd Uniformity in 1559

32
Q

What were the most important acts passed at the end of Elizabeth’s reign

A

Poor Relief Acts 1598 and 1601

33
Q

How many of the 13 parliaments were asked to grant taxation which Liz reign was used for ordinary ecpendityre and not just to finance wars

A

11/13

34
Q

Why did the value of taxes decline and the income from crown lands

A

Failure to reform the financial system

35
Q

Who prepared government bills which were steered through the commons by the councils floor managers

A

Cecil

36
Q

Who were the councils ‘floor managers’

A

Sir Francis Knollys and later Christopher Hatton

37
Q

Knollys and Hatton had a group of MPs who were what that enabled them to have experience of parliamentary procedure

A

Lawyers

38
Q

Privy councillors usually introduced what bills

A

Crown bulls

39
Q

Example of disputes between managing parliament

A

ELizabeth reacted angrily in 1563 and 1566 when parliament raised the matter of the queens marriage and she refused royal assent to over 60 bills of which she disapproved even though they had passed through both houses

40
Q

Why did government become less effective in 1590s and who did Elizabeth imprison and why

A

Elizabeth wanted legislation passed against radical puritans which parliament resisted and 1593 Wen worth made a speech in parliament urging the queen ro name a successor and had him imprisoned

41
Q

Why did relations break down entirely

A

Issues of monopolies, at the end of her reign and Robert Cecil proved incapable of managing PArliament effectively though eventually compromise was achieved

42
Q

How many years was Elizabeth’s government conducted efficiently and why

A

First 30 years

Broad consensus within governing classes i over royal policies and their implementation

Stable group if experienced and able ministers who generally worked well together

43
Q

What were some of the differences

A

Over specific policies over how ‘Protestant’ country should be but unanimity regarding the need to uphold royal authority and defend England from Catholic threats at home and abroad

44
Q

What decade of her reign was the least efficient and why

A

Last decade as it suffered from factional disputes, relations with PArliament were more difficult and failed to carry out reform of the crowns outdated financial administration

45
Q

3 challenges Elizabeth faced as a female ruler

A
  • had to be able to impose her will in a male dominated society
  • promote strong image with perfect health and strength (but was prone to occasional fainting fits and suffered from headaches)
  • her image was that of a woman who put her country before herself
46
Q

3 ways Elizabeth promoted her image

A

1) ‘25 royal progressed during reign’ - staying in homes of noble families and meeting subjects so they could put a face to the monarch

2) toned down extravagance at court - desperately needed money but portrayed herself as hardworking. Spend money on public needs than on new places. 1563 - parliament voted allowance £40,000 each year for court

3) ‘virgin queen’ - Virgin Mary, Astraea Greek virgin goddess

47
Q

How effective was liz image making?

A

1) propaganda upper sections of society in direct way from portraits so everyone influenced by word of mouth

2) deliberately created masculine personality to demand courtiers but at same time used the fact she was woman to charm them and throw them off balance

3) skilllful combination and one which allowed Elizabeth to rule over court which more loyal and united than any since 1520s

48
Q

How many principal residencies in London and south England did liz inherit

Examples?

A

14 principal residencies

Whitehall and Hampton court had both become royal residencies after being owned by Wolsey

49
Q

What was Liz favourite residence

A

Greenwich

50
Q

How many people did royal household employ from lord chamberlain

A

1,500 people

51
Q

What policies did Leister promote?

A

1) leader more radical group politicians at court in Privy council, supported active policies to defeat Catholicism at home and abroad and grew fristrated at Queens caution and Lord Burghleys opposition

2) wanted stronger persecution of English catholics especially after news of plots to replace Elizabeth

3) active military intervention to help the Huguenot and Dutch rebels

52
Q

3 aims of liz use of patronage

A

1) gain and retain loyalty from Tudor society

2) as many nobles and gentry as possible were bound through patronage in loyalty to the crown
E.g - rebellion of norther earls in 1569

3) crown controlled appointments to oddities in local and central government to the church, law and royal household. Monarch land and titles to distribute as well as economic benefits such as right to collect taxes and key it powers position and wealth was therefore the Queen

53
Q

Most valuable patronage

A

Grant of office varying positions such as household servants and working in stable court (liz ony granted 18 peerages during reign

Another grant of pensions or favourable grants of land (but learnt from fathers mistakes

Monopolies - rights granted by royal charter declaring particular group of merchants sole legal right to make or to import commodity such as soap or sugar

54
Q

Which 5 advisers/courtiers were important during Elizabeths reign

A

William cecil, Dudley, Hatton, Walsingham, Walter Raleigh

55
Q

What were factions?

A

Groups who aimed to work together for their common cause (moving church away from Catholicism and more towards puritanism

56
Q

Why did the period of factionalism end towards the end of Elizabeth’s reign

A
  • leister died 1588
  • court policies more diverse
  • young earl of Essex captivated queen and gained huge influence over patronage as well as politic (son Cecil emerging competent politician and made chief secretary in 1597)
57
Q

Definition of privy council

A

Advisory and coordinating body and liz reduced from 50 people to under 20 to make more manageable

58
Q

3 policies cecil favoured

A
  • Policies that attacked religious extremism and sought to preserve English independence abroad (brought open conflict w leister who favoured anti-Spanish and anti-catholic policy)
  • larter in financial; management exercised wider influence counterbalancing younger and more headstrong earl of leister
59
Q

3 ways personnel of privy council been praised

A

10 few pro-catholics survived

Number of nob les reduced

Core of professional men who enjoyed her confidence and so tended to breve long periods improving effectiveness and unity of council

60
Q

How has appointment of pricy council been criticised

A

Tended to serve too long of periods, no changes, largely excluding nobility and church made the privy council unrepresentative of the ruling elite as a whole, narrow membership limited the range of debate and tended to produce cooperative body

history - tudors (22 decks)

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