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Elizabeth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of Elizabeth?

A
  • Manipulative
  • Vengeful-low mood-act brutally
  • Kind, loyal, thoughtful
  • Cared what people thought of her
  • Dominant but unpredictable
  • Split personality depending on context
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2
Q

How was Elizabeth Intelligent?

A
  • Manipulated people with how she looks

* Rodger Ascham protest tutor - taught her classical languages & theology & philosophy

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3
Q

What Challenges did Elizabeth face?

A
  • Religious division & uncertainty across England
  • Woman - people thought man would be better & looked for replacement
  • England weak compared to France & Spain
  • Expectation to marriage & furthering Tudor lone & cause conflict - who’s gonna come next in reign
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4
Q

Who was Elizabeth’s sister?

A
  • Mary 1st
  • Catholic
  • Aggressive = Bloody Mary
  • Jealously - miss trust between sisters
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5
Q

What was Patronage in Elizabeth’s government?

A
  • Ensured Queen remains heart of political system
  • Give important jobs to particular men
  • Highly corrupt system
  • Key politicians given places at court
  • Caused intense competition between courtiers
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6
Q

What was the Royal Court in Elizabeth’s government?

A
  • Give impression of power
  • 500 courtiers
  • Courtiers competed for power
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7
Q

What was the Parliament in Elizabeth’s government?

A
  • Only called on 13 occasions
  • Queen relies on parliamentary taxes (11/13)
  • If Queen want to change law, needs to go through parliament
  • Passed legalisation on taxes
  • Some MPs became self confident in legalisation on taxes, marriage, religion, succession
  • Queen influences & controlled them - privy council, her personality & speeches, royal veto, arresting MPs
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8
Q

What was the Privy Council in Elizabeth’s government?

A
  • Coordinated finances, law courts, regions
  • Advised Queen&directed policy
  • Queen often ignored their advice
  • Loyal & trustworthy - William Cecil was her favourite
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9
Q

What was Divide & Rule in Elizabeth’s government?

A
  • Men compete for her affection

* Queen employed people who were hostile towards each other

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10
Q

What were the Changes in Elizabeth’s government?

A
  • Mp’s more self confident to argue about Queen marriage, religion, trading monopolies
  • Used her power to limit influence of Parliament - using force of her personality, speeches to charm, bully members
  • Limited Mp right of free speech - imprisoned Peter Wentworth in 1576 for arguing freedom of speech
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11
Q

What were the Features of Elizabethan Parliament?

A
  • 2 houses-lords(more powerful/Catholic), commons (Protestant)
  • Queen calls when she wants it, have factions
  • Appoint a speaker - legislative agenda
  • Use legalisations as leverage to achieve other goals
  • Gift privy councillors land & control MPs
  • Royal veto - Queen can reject legislation passed by Parliament
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12
Q

What did the House of Commons consist of?

A
  • 450 elected MPs - appointed by Duke/earl that own land of constituency (rural), elected by town Burgesses (urban)
  • Middle class gentry = lawyers, merchants, banking, education, etc
  • Lawyers - good at speaking, skilled, challenge Elizabeth, knows how Parliament works
  • More Protestant
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13
Q

What did the House of Lords consist of?

A
  • Aristocracy, Duke, Earls, Earls, 23 Bishops = 90 in total

* More catholic

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14
Q

Why did Divide & Rule not work in 1601?

A
  • Economic debt
  • Elizabeth aging so don’t see her Ss week - Essex saw opportunity
  • Key Privy Council members died so no one loyal to her
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15
Q

Why were the 1590’s ‘years of decline’ for Elizabeth?

A
  • Rise in challenge in Parliament
  • Loss in confidence in Queen
  • People looking for new leaders as Elizabeth ageing - loss of loyalty
  • Breakdown of patronage - loss of loyalty - caused by dept in government
  • Key council members dying - Dudley, Cecil, Walsingham, Hatton - now lack of loyalty
  • Country damaged by war plague, increased poverty, repeated harvest failures = pressure on Elizabethan government
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16
Q

What were the Causes for the Essex Rebellion?

A
  • Essex handling of Irish Rebellion
  • Essex’s conduct in front of Elizabeth
  • Success of Essex’s raid on Cadiz
  • Role of Cecil
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17
Q

How was Essex’s handing of the Irish Rebellion a cause of the Essex Rebellion?

A
  • Elizabeth asked him to defeat Rebellion in Ireland-led by Earl of Tyrone in 1598
  • Instead Essex made peace with Tyrone against Elizabeth orders
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18
Q

How was the success of Essex’s raid on Cadiz a cause of the Essex Rebellion?

A

National hero when he shared command of expedition that captured Cadiz from Spanish - became confident from this

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19
Q

How was Essex’s conduct in front of Elizabeth a cause of the Essex Rebellion?

A
  • Essex broke into her bedchamber to explain his actions on Irish rebellion
  • This alarmed & angered her because she had her wig off and makeup
  • He was banned from court & financially ruined
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20
Q

How was the role of Cecil a cause of the Essex Rebellion?

A
  • Cecil held much power which angered Essex (jealous) - made division in council
  • Queen promoted Cecil while Essex was fighting in Ireland - jealousy sparked
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21
Q

Why did the Essex Rebellion fail?

A
  • He had few supporters (300)
  • Badly planned, Elizabeth spies had informed her of plot
  • Elizabeth defenders were well prepared and well armed
  • He underestimated power of Queen & her government, overestimated his strength
  • Supporters quickly deserted him when offered a pardon
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22
Q

When was the Essex Rebellion?

A

1601

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23
Q

What were the Strengths of Elizabeth Marrying?

A
  • Have child - carry on Tudor name - clear line of succession - if not then there will be civil war
  • If marry foreign king/prince - could make alliance
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24
Q

What were the Weaknesses of Elizabeth marrying?

A
  • Not marry place England in bad position = power go to Mary Queen of Scots (catholic)
  • Split in power, man automatically become more powerful
  • Marry foreigner = England pulled into conflicts with other countries
  • Divide & rule cannot happen - people become less loyal
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25
Q

What was the Conclusion of the Marriage situation?

A
  • She constantly retained it as possibility so government wouldn’t get rid of her
  • No one is suitable
  • 1578 - said she was married to her country
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26
Q

What would be Characteristics for a possible suitor for Elizabeth to Marry?

A
  • Protestant
  • Able to give Elizabeth children - carry on Tudor name so clear line of succession & prevent civil war
  • Not too powerful
  • Wealthy - Elizabeth in a lot of debt
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27
Q

Why was Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester) unsuitable to marry Elizabeth?

A
  • Married to Amy Dudley but rumoured Dudley or Queen ordered her to be dead - so there marriage would have been too scandalous
  • Amy fell down stairs to her death
  • He can’t fund wars & would rely on Queen for money
  • Difficult to maintain balance of power
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28
Q

Why was Phillip II of Spain unsuitable to marry Elizabeth?

A
  • Catholic
  • Elizabeth’s sisters widdow
  • Marry & Phillip was unpopular marriage
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29
Q

Why was Francis, Duke of Anjou & Alencon unsuitable to marry Elizabeth?

A
  • 20 years younger
  • People in England have published pamphlet warning Queen not to marry him - he’s deformed and homosexual
  • Likely to outlive Elizabeth
30
Q

Why did Elizabeth choose Not to Marry?

A
  • None of the suitors had suitable characteristics
  • Every suitor would undermine her authority - she declared to marry England to stop discussion & challenge in parliament, gave her ‘god like’ purity, unbreakable bond to her people
31
Q

Who were the 3 possible candidates for the Succession?

A
  • Mary Queen of Scots
  • Catherine Grey
  • James Stuart
32
Q

Why was there concerns about succession?

A
  • If Elizabeth does without an heir - risk of civil war w/ different groups competing for throne
  • To prevent conflict Elizabeth expected to marry & produce heir quickly
33
Q

What is the Great Chain of Being?

A
  • Represents hierarchical structure to society
  • Religious & spiritual statement of how life is ordered
  • Status is determined by birth
  • Godly inference, higher your status = closer you are to god, god creates your future
34
Q

What are the main causes for Rise in Gentry Class?

A
  • Renaissance
  • Suspicion of nobility
  • Dissolution of monasteries
  • Increasing wealth
  • Population Increase
  • Society more educated
35
Q

How is the Renaissance a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?

A
  • They became more important
  • Wanted to impress others & earn promotion & artists, builders, musicians, writers did well
  • Study law, history, literature (books written in English), etc
  • They embraced a new, excessive system of education
  • New grammar school for gentry, printing press, increase Oxbridge
36
Q

How is the Suspicion of Nobility a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?

A
  • Tudors marginalised nobles who saw as a threat
  • Gentry filled & became very powerful politically
  • Gentry dominated House of Commons
37
Q

How is the Dissolution of Monasteries a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?

A
  • Land became available (cheap)

* Gentry brought by Gentry which stabilises their economic base

38
Q

How is the Increasing wealth a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?

A
  • Explosion of global trade & exploration embraced by Gentry making them well off
  • They spent money on art, literacy, etc
39
Q

How is the Population Increase a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?

A
  • Increase of 1 million (25%) people in Queens reign
  • 10x more people are literature
  • Urbanisation has knock on effect for population increase
40
Q

Why was Fashion and Architecture important in Elizabethan Golden Age?

A
  • Showed differentiation between gentry & noble class - specific materials & colours would show your hierarchy
  • Showed statement of wealth
41
Q

What did the Gentry Class wear?

A
  • Men - ruff, woollen stockings - couldn’t afford silk, jerkin (velvet jacket)
  • Woman - over-gown (brown - cheap), ruff
  • Dull outfit
42
Q

What did the Noble Class wear?

A
  • Men - sword (show status, only aristocrats could carry this), trunk hose (expensive), jerkin
  • Women - look based after Queen = white lead makeup (virgin aspect, expensive), wig, expensive jewellery (symbolise wealth), silk under gown (pricey)
  • Expensive colours & materials = silk, dark blue, gold weave - reserved for nobles
43
Q

Describe the Architecture in the Montacute House in Somerset:

A
  • Built by nobility
  • Many chimneys - pricey
  • Architecture more expensive, using glass&bricks&plaster
  • Long gallery upstairs - entertain guests - filled with art & tapestry which was in high demand from Italian Renaissance
  • Garden - showing off, expensive
  • Neo classicism-mimics renaissance building
  • ‘E’ shaped floor plan in honour of Queen
  • Bedrooms moved upstairs - cosy
  • Primary junction of housing = more political stabilities (less civil war)
  • Many rooms = honourable, politically acceptable
44
Q

In what ways did Elizabethan England experience a ‘Golden Age’?

A
  • Urbanisation&growth in London to trading centre commercial
  • Rapid expansion in products = marmalade, silk, gold, spices, gems, fruit, tobacco, potato
  • Expansion in culture - theatre, art
  • Continued expansion of literacy, especially boys grammar schools
  • Growing appreciation in art & architecture in English Renaissance
  • Rise in peace, power, pride provides flourishing of ideas
45
Q

In what ways did Elizabethan England NOT experience a ‘Golden Age’?

A
  • Growing gap between rich+poor
  • Rise in prostitution, gambling, crime, cruelty(torture)
  • No improvements in medical understanding •Many misconceptions about plague
  • Dental Care very poor - wooden teeth
  • Bad sanitation - health problems so life expectancy goes down
  • Tightly packed houses = diseases = plague
46
Q

What was theatre, acting and drama like in the Middle Ages?

A
  • Mystery plays - about Christ or English knights
  • Aimed at peasants/lower class
  • Performed open air & public places (usually got kicked out)
  • Actor = prostitution, fell into it because couldn’t do anything else
47
Q

Why was Theatre considered a Threat to society?

A
  • Spread ideas that contrast to what government says
  • Form of education - uneducated
  • Public congregation - didn’t like people getting together talking about politics
48
Q

What was the Audience like in an Elizabethan Theatre?

A
  • Pit - noisy, smelly, poor people
  • Groundlings - badly behaved, threw food at unpopular characters, peasants stood, cheapest
  • Upper gallery - nobility sit, cushioned seats
  • Middle section - gentry sit, wooden seats
  • Very popular to go
49
Q

What was Patronage like in an Elizabethan Theatre?

A

•It’s how finance works
•Government saw potential in
plays for propaganda and for encouraging social stability
•Theatre distraction from poor&disconnected lower class = rebellion less likely
•Play content carefully politicalised could influence thoughts of audiences in favour of the Queen & her government

50
Q

What were the Themes and Playwright in Elizabethan Theatre?

A
  • Shakespeare
  • Themes= love,violence, ancient world, patriotism, exploration
  • Flag indicated theme of play
  • Little scenery but skilful characterisation, intelligent dialogue, varied subplots, music
  • Plays contain subtle political messages designed to flatter Queen & support her position
  • Not controversial
51
Q

Where were the Rules and Special/Sound Effects in Elizabethan England?

A
  • Young boys play woman cause woman not allowed to act
  • Cannonball rolled=thunderclaps
  • Above stage (‘the heavens’) special effects controlled
  • Musicians played in balcony
  • Live music and sound effects made behind stage
52
Q

How did attitudes towards Theatre Change throughout Elizabeth’s reign?

A
  • Actors thought to be threat to law & order (like beggars) = government didn’t like them
  • 1572 - parliament passed law - actors punished as vagabonds
  • Puritans disapproved of theatre on religious grounds - work of the devil
  • 1580’s - earthquake in SE England = sign of Gods anger of theatre
  • End of reign - several major theatres, 40 companies of actors
53
Q

Who were the Undeserving Poor?

A

•Unwilling to work (considered) but in reality can’t find a job so called a ‘beggar’ and dangerous to society
Criminals:
•’clapper dudgeons’ - mimicking disabilities
•’ruffler’ - dressed as army officer but robbed people at sword points
•’counterfiet cranks’ - dressed in old dirty clothes and have fits

54
Q

Who were the Deserving Poor?

A

Willing to work but unable to because of age, illness or disability

55
Q

What were the Causes of Poverty in the Elizabethan period?

A
  • Increased population
  • Poor harvests
  • High prices
  • Low wages
  • Lack of jobs
56
Q

What evidence shows Increased Population was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?

A
  • Rose by 1 million people
  • Huge pressure on resources (food, cost of things went up)
  • Jobs in high demand
  • Not governments fault because caused by immigration
57
Q

What evidence shows Poor Harvests was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?

A
  • Dearth conditions (poor farming conditions)
  • Worst in 1590’s which cause lack of food market
  • Less supply & more demand
  • Increase poverty
  • Not governments fault because caused by weather conditions
58
Q

What evidence shows High Prices was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?

A
  • Increase of 200% of food prices
  • Low wages caused mass starvation
  • Governments fault - they managed money very poorly
  • Monopolies on other food trades meant set prices very high
  • Devalue coinage - means putting poor metal with silver so Increase amount of money
59
Q

What evidence shows Low Wages was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?

A
  • Wages going up slower than inflation so ‘real wages’ go down
  • Less disposable income to spend
  • Starvation
  • Not directly governments fault but knock on effect from high prices
60
Q

What evidence shows Lack of Jobs was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?

A
  • Farm labourers lost their jobs because of growth of enclosure
  • Put hedges around land which restricted jobs & getting food
  • Put sheep on land
  • Caused starvation because couldn’t work - couldn’t feed family
  • Governments fault because allowed enclosure to happen because it pleased the nobility
61
Q

What were the main points of the Poor Law Act in 1598?

A
  • Response to 5/6 harvests
  • Everyone pay towards local ‘poor rate’
  • Local tax go towards payment of parish officials, workhouses, payment of relief to ‘deserving poor’
  • Begging was forbidden
62
Q

What were the main points of the Act for Relief of Poor in 1601 and was it Effective I’m dealing with Poverty?

A
  • Formalised previous acts
  • Created National system for dealing with poor
  • Overseas provided raw materials (hemp, wool, wood, iron) - used in workhouses or ‘house of correction’ to proved able poor with employment
  • Remained in use for over 200 years in 1834
63
Q

How did towns Deal with the Deserving Poor?

A
  • Hospitals in 1850’s - charities care for poorest (give them shelters, education, healthcare)
  • Christ hospital - orphans
  • Bethlehem hospital - mentally disabled
  • St Barts - sick
  • St Thomas - elderly
64
Q

How did towns Deal with the Undeserving Poor?

A
  • Houses of correction or workhouses (get food & bed)
  • Correction-moral-run by Puritans - change mindsets (homosexuality)
  • Taxation to pay for more amenities (1540–50) in London, York, Norwich, Ipswich
  • 1st census to help see who are the poor & where the amenities need to be put
65
Q

What were the different Motivations for Exploration?

A
  • Empire building and conflict with Spain
  • Privateering
  • Trading companies
66
Q

Why did Empire Building and Conflict with Spain take place as motivation for exploration?

A
  • Catholic Spain hostile to English interests - didn’t allow other countries to trade w/ their colonies in new world without licence
  • Phillip 2nd (Catholic) threatening England with Mary Queen of Scots & plotting
  • Religious conflict (Protestant vs Catholic)
67
Q

How Successful was Exploration caused by Empire Building and Conflict with Spain?

A
  • Attempted to set up colonies in West Indies and Eastern sea board of USA
  • Not successful - didn’t have enough & Spanish empires would’ve invaded
68
Q

Why did Privateering take place as motivation for exploration?

A
  • Licensed by Queen to commit acts against ships belonging to Spanish shipping & trade & ports
  • Queen sponsored companies because cheap way to undermine Spanish without being an act of war
69
Q

How Successful was Exploration caused by Privateering?

A

Very Successful :
•Undermined Spanish empire •Gold going to Spain
•Created personal wealth to Queen
•Phillip knew what was going on & 1 of causes for war with Spain

70
Q

Why did Trading Companies take place as motivation for exploration?

A
  • Business set up by explorers when finds something new - send imports & exports of food from that area
  • Muscovy company
  • Eastland company
  • Levant company
  • East India company
71
Q

How Successful was Exploration caused by Trading Companies?

A
  • High profile if did this
  • Trade crisis with original trading partners (Spain)
  • Spain put block on port (Antwork) to stop export trading of wool (England biggest money source)
  • Trading companies hugely successful because went around this problem

History (2 decks)

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