Elizabeth

Question 1

What is a progress

Answer 1

Elizabeth would travel with her court on tours, visiting the homes of the nobility

Question 2

who were elizabeth’s key advisors

Answer 2

William Cecil, Francis Walsingham, Robert Dudley, Christopher Hatton

Question 3

Who is William Cecil?

Answer 3

Born 1520
Elizabeth admired he spoke his mind if he disagreed with her or other councillors
Stabiliser - wanted to avoid war and unit nation through moderate policies, disliked being rushed into rash decisions, conservative

Question 4

Who is Francis Walsingham?

Answer 4

Born 1532
Ability at languages and foreign contacts made useful to Elizabeth - Ambassador in Paris (1570s)
Was in charge of Elizabeth ‘secret service’. Highly efficient ‘spy master’. Uncovered plots against Elizabeth

Question 5

Who is Robert Dudley?

Answer 5

Born 1533
Childhood friend and favourite of Elizabeth - rumours romance
Member of the Court- made Master of the Horse - personally responsible for Elizabeth’s safety

Question 6

Who is Christopher Hatton?

Answer 6

Born 1540
Elected to Parliament several times. Helped Elizabeth control MPs and secure support
Moderate protestant, hated puritans, sympathised with. Catholics
Lord Chancellor 1587

Question 7

How did Elizabeth control parliament

Answer 7

Members of Privy Council controlled MPs. Royal veto. Imposed limits on MPs right to speak freely. Patronage from the Queen. Had the right to appoint speaker

Question 8

How did parliament have power over Elizabeth

Answer 8

Needed parliaments approval for taxes, some MPs criticised government policies

Question 9

What were Elizabeth’s problems

Answer 9

Succession:
- without an heir, there was instability
Religion:
- catholics
- puritans
Foreign Policy:
- France and Spain Catholic
- Netherlands
Taxation:
- short of money
- poverty
Ireland:
- England rules whole of Ireland
- Catholic rebellion
Mary Queen of Scots:
-catholic cousin

Question 10

what was the important issue of elizabeth’s marriage

Answer 10

• loss of authority, men were given greater status
• religion, had to be careful to not marry someone who would cause conflict
• benefits = creating foreign alliance or loyalty of powerful english family
• could gain an heir, lessen threat from Mary Queen of Scots

Question 11

Who were elizabeth’s 3 suitors

Answer 11

Robert Dudley, King Phillip II of Spain, Duke of Anjou and Alencon

Question 12

Potential Suitor: Phillip II of Spain

Answer 12

Widower of sister Mary who keen to keep title as King of England
Treated Mary badly and Liz aware
Very unpopular with English people
Never seriously considered him, insulted by her rejection
Powerful and wealthy - Spain rich

Question 13

Potential Suitor: Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester

Answer 13

close friends since childhood
wanted to marry her but already married
Wife Amy died in mysterious circumstances hopes for marriage shattered
Rumours spread Amy had been murdered
Eventually married to cousin in 1578
Puritan - views on religion extreme

Question 14

Potential Suitor: Duke of Anjou and Alencon

Answer 14

Over 20 years younger than Liz
Catholic - many against marriage
Liz called off proposal

Question 15

What was important about the succession issue? (8 marks)

Answer 15

Elizabeths successor was never clear or named, could cause instability if elizabeth died without an heir.
Elizabeth had no children, last child of henry viii. Refused to name a successor, number of potential candidates such as cousins. caused fear of instability. disputes over succession had caused civil war, War of the Roses, feared it could happen again.
caused disagreement between elizabeth and privy council and parliament. Many privy councillors believed she should marry and produce and heir, especially after neard death of small pox 1562. PC manipulated parliament to try force E to accept need for marrying and P raised issue in 1566 overstepping powers and treading on royal perogative.
Important as closely linked to marriage and future of Tudor dynasty.

Question 16

Who were the possible heirs to the throne?

Answer 16

Mary Queen of Scots - Descended from Henry VIII’s elder sister, who married into Scottish Royal Family
She was Catholic
Lady Catherine and Lady Mary Grey - Both protestants - Believed Catherine Liz’s first choice but married without permission and fell pregnant Liz furious - imprisoned in tower for rest of life

Question 17

Who was the actual heir?

Answer 17

Mary Queen of Scots son - James VI of Scotland - strong claim as both mother and father grandchildren of Henry VII. Liz refused to recognise him but Cecil sent letters from 1601 onwards so easy transition to king when Liz died 1603

Question 18

What problems did Elizabeth have when she came to throne?

Answer 18

Ability questioned as she was woman
Unmarried without an heir
Young and inexperienced
Inherited massive debts - £300,000
Lots of poverty in England

Question 19

What was the Privy Council?

Answer 19

11 members - important to appoint most powerful landowners to prevent rebellion
oversee operations of regional councils such as Council of North
Offered advice to monarch
Enforce religious settlement
manage crowd finances

Question 20

What was the royal court?

Answer 20

centre for political power as gave politicians, crucial access to queen
Made up of officials, servants and advisors that surrounded queen
Used subtle propoganda to impress nobility as Elizabeth would travel with court on tours to visit foreign guests
Feasts and performances important to show power of monarch/country

Question 21

how earl of essex affected elizabethan england. (8 marks)

Answer 21

causing unrest in court and PC through rivalry with Robert Cecil. both memebers of PC: Cecil appointed 1591 and Essex in 1595. Essex elizabeths favourite as handsome and 30 years younger, gave monopoly of sweet wine in enlgand. was jelous of cecils rise to power and jelousy caused a division in council which was un helpful.
showed disrespect to queen on number of occasions. married without permission, insulted verbally, turned back on her, almost drew sword. disrepsct and elizabeths inappropriate infatuation damaged her reputation in later years. also by failing to defeat rebellion in Ireland that sent to crush in 1598 and going against queens orders. Made peace with rebel, when returned, outraged Cecil had been promoted, demonstrated huge disrespect by bursting into bedchamber. Lost all jobs and monopoly of sweet wine, banned from court, placed under house arrest
broought about a rebellion. Career totally ruined so gathered about 300 supporters and marched to centre of London to capture queen. Was easily defeated and executed.
demonstrated that elizabeths powers, including ability to control members of court, were declining.
… By undermining elizabeth and demonstrating that in later years she less powerful and effective than had been during rest of reign.

Question 22

what was important about elizabethan theatre?

Answer 22

entertainment value:
affordable
audiences came from wide cross-section of society ranging from poor craftsmen, to merchants, to wealthy nobles
cheapest ticket = pit for groundlings standing in noisy smelly conditions exposed to weather
three-tiered galleries 2 or 3 pennies more, seat up to 2000 spectators, galleries offered comfort of seating and thatched roof provided protection from weather. cushion for extra penny
richest audience sat in lords room above stage
theatre was important in process of socialisation

Theatre had become a business with new structure and organisation:
created jobs for builders, costumiers, actors and playwrights. Most famous playwright was William Shakespeare. Plays were enormously successful such as tragedy Hamlet, became relatively wealthy

Was opposition:
puritans saw theatre going as distraction from prayer
some saw it as sinful concerns that large gatherings could spread disease
dangerous places, drunkenness, crime and other immoral behaviour

Question 23

What were the consequences of Elizabethan Theatre?

Answer 23

Entertainment shared by different sections of society
Actors and playwrights could flourish
Reinforced social values and ideas of the time with audience divided by class
Use for government propoganda. Censorship and use plays to send political message - Richard III

Question 24

Explain what was important about voyages abroad in the reign of Elizabeth?

Answer 24

Primary aim for many was increased wealth
sailors like eg brought riches back to enlgand by raiding spanish ships and ports (give example)
in addition to raid, money could be made through trade. voyages abroad allowed new trade routes established in far east. brought spices and other exotic goods to england ( john hawkins established first trade in african slaves, created wealth for him and country)
second reason: english naval power grew
vital in defeating Armada in 1588
english seamanship perfected on these overseas voyages that won victory and helped unite country behind Elizabeth
English naval power continued to develop gaining colonies
first attempt to establish a colony in North America in 1584 by Walter Raleigh was unsuccessful
in later periods this would lead to great wealth and an overseas empire for enlgand
Spain and Portugal beat england in race to colonise South America
Voyages were important for gaining wealth and power they projected to rival nations. also important as laid foundation of sea dominance, trade and colonies that would grow after end of elizabeths reign. This all confirmed to many Elizabethans they were living in a ‘golden age’

Question 25

Explain the importance of the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England in 1588

Answer 25

presence created a security threat
Mary was cousin meant she was next in-line to throne
created threat as catholics believed Mary should take throne due to religion and her rightful heir.
This caused many plots and rebellions against Elizabeth from catholics as she was protestant
Ridolfi plot - Elizabeth planned to be assassinated. Plot uncovered by Elizabeth’s advisor Cecil
Made Elizabeth more fearful of Spanish involvements in serious threats to her throne and life.
Also created problem on what to do with her
Left Scotland in bad circumstances so couldn’t return
Couldn’t send abroad due to foreign enemies using her
Members of parliament wanted Mary executed but Elizabeth hesitant she believed may give enemies ideas
final decision to keep Mary under house arrest and moved around country for 19 years to make sure she was not threat and no longer problem

Question 26

Ways Elizabeth responded to Puritanism

Answer 26

Arrested Archbishop Edmund Grindal and replaced with John Whitgift
Grindal refused to stop the practice of prophesying - criticised Elizabethan church during these meetings
Whitgift ended prophesying and forced al clergy to swear loyalty to Elizabeth’s bishops and Elizabeth’s prayer-book
Stopped Puritans from spreading ideas through pamphlets - helped Elizabeth as Puritans had criticised Elizabethan Settlement because it allowed too many Catholic ideas like bishops to survive
also dealt with threat violently
after some Puritans rejected Whitgift’s ideas and formed new group called Separatists who wanted to separate from Anglican Church
Government passed law in 1593 which allowed execution of anybody suspected of being a recusant or a separatist
Barrow and Greenwood hanged in 1593 for writings. Forced all Separatists to accept Middle Way or go to another country, helped end challenge of Puritanism and cut down criticisms of Elizabeth

Question 27

What was the Great Chain of Being?

Answer 27

Poverty mostly considered to be own fault - belief you had ‘divinely appointed’ position in society reinforced every week at church and attitude widely held

Question 28

What were the causes of poverty?

Answer 28

Rising population:
rose by a million during Elizabethan period. More demand for goods, so prices rose

Inflation:
Prices for good rose, but wages fell as more to do work

Wars:
Taxes increased to compensate for price of waging war

Bad harvests:
Harvests particularly bad in 1590s leading to even higher demand and more rising prices

Question 29

How was poverty dealt with during the reign of Elizabeth?

Answer 29

very harsh at beginning - Elizabethans unsympathetic to poor and poverty, beggars punished
1495, beggars punished in stocks
1531, beggars could be publicly whipped
poor could not ask for money and so stayed in poverty with no work
1576, Elizabeth mad ‘Act for setting poor on work’ - able-bodied poor would be helped to find work or payed outdoor relief

Another reason: poor could be helped locally
York, beggars given badge for identification
Beggars expected to work and if didn’t, sent to house of correction
1569, Norwich did a survey and found 80% of population was poor
in response, poor were put into two categories: idle and unfortunate. Idle given knitting and sewing while unfortunate given food, care and support.
shows how people became more sympathetic to poor during Elizabeth’s reign.
Poor law made in 1601 - brought compulsory nationwide poor law tax
provided poor with workhouse, money and food.
remained for over 200 years and encouraged establishment of almshouses which were meant to look after deserving poor.

Question 30

How did the Northern Rebellion affect Elizabethan England (8)

Answer 30

The Revolt of the Northern Earls led to increased oppression of Catholics and greater government control in the north

Elizabeth quickly put Mary, Queen of Scots, under house arrest and sent her to Coventry to secure her imprisonment.

Question 31

Explain the importance of Catholic plots against Elizabeth

Answer 31

Direct threat to Elizabeth and the throne(Mary Queen of Scots)

Direct threat to English rule (Ridolfi plot)

Question 32

Explain the importance of puritanism(8)

Answer 32

It threatened the
hierarchy of power and authority by criticising the bishops and church Elizabeth supported

Elizabeth did not want Puritan ideas
spread, Grindal refused to close them down so Elizabeth replaced him with
John Whitgift.

Question 33

In what ways did theatre develop during the elizabethan rule

Answer 33

1. Expanded due to patronage
   Companies expanded due to funding and usually named after Patron e.g. Lord Chamberlain’s Men - Globe built by them 1599(Shakespeare theatre company)
   Globe expanded theatre as accommodate 3000 spectators, attracting more people. Another theatre Rose 1587
2. Access to all members of society

Question 34

What was important about Elizabethan England that made it a golden age

Answer 34

1. it was changing with the rise of the gentry, and different attitudes eg they were sympathetic to poor people. This meant that people thought they lived in a more enlightened and sophisticated time
2. England
   defeated the most powerful nation in Europe – Spain, and many viewed this as recognition of England’s special time

Question 35

Explain what was important about Elizabeth’s court(8)

Answer 35

1.A way in which court was significant was the way in which Elizabeth used it for control. Many courtiers were rivals with each other and ambitious for power. Elizabeth used patronage, policy in which she could grant people subsidies rites and land to keep them loyal to her and create competition for her favour. Allowed courtiers to focus and challenging each other rather than Elizabeth’s authority

2.financial assistance eg progresses

Question 36

Write an account of how the Spanish Armada was defeated(8)

Answer 36

1. One reason the Spanish Armada was defeated was the brilliant tactics and strengths of the
   English fleet. eg 8 gunpowder ships set alight into spanish fleet

2.Another reason for
defeat was bad luck eg storm which caused them to sail towards Scotland where many crashed into rocks

Question 37

How did the Northern Rebellion affect Elizabethan England

Answer 37

1. Was a direct threat to the Elizabethan throne in attempt to get Mary Queen of Scots into power. Also stimulated many more attacks eg Ridolfi plot
2. Caused Elizabeth to strengthen her control by reorganising the Council of the North and confiscating the land of the rebels and executing around 450 of them. Also caused Elizabeth to put Mary under house arrest
   Led to increased oppression of Catholics and greater government control in the north

Question 38

Explain the importance of the Ridolfi plot

Answer 38

1. Direct threat to Elizabeth and the English throne as Ridolfi was an Italian banker but also wanted the Spanish to get involved. Showed that even other countries were willing to go to war to convert England to a catholic throne.
2. Showed the strength and control Elizabeth had in order for her intelligence network to uncover the plan, she expelled the Spanish Ambassador which relieved the pressure of a Spanish attack and she finally beheaded the Duke of Norfolk

Question 39

Explain the importance of the Throckmorton plot

Answer 39

1. Direct threat to English throne from France, Spanish and Papal money. Showed again the extremes catholics would go to convert England to Catholicism and that even great power like the Spanish would get involved from abroad in order to do so
2. Following the plot, Bond of Association was established, Throckmorton executed and Elizabeth banned any more Spanish ambassadors living in England for the rest of her reign

Question 40

Explain the Importance of the Babington Plot

Answer 40

1. Direct threat to the throne from abroad again as a Jesuit priest John Ballard recruited Anthony Babington to execute the Queen and rescue Mary to put her on throne
2. Walsingham intercepted coded messages between Mary and Babington by which Mary consented to executed the Queen and agree to the plan. This was decoded and Walsingham finally had evidence of Elizabeths cousin declaring she wanted to overthrow Elizabeth. This eventually led to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots.

Question 41

What was the significance of new houses in the Golden Age?

Answer 41

Showed wealth of owners e.g. expensive designs and materials - glass
Show off political ambitions of a rising social class and their relationship with the Queen
New technologies in building - light rooms with glass
Influenced by Italian Renaissance - geometric designs, symmetrical buildings
Houses:
Hardwick hall - Bess of Hardwick
Burghley House - William Cecil
Seke Hall

Question 42

What was fashion like in the Golden Age?

Answer 42

Wealthy used their money to buy expensive clothes in latest styles - important status symbol
Male:
Doublet - long sleeved silk or satin shirt with ruffles at end
Ruff
Woollen/silk stockings
Female:
Farthingale - petticoat with wooden hoops sewn into it
Ruff
Heavy white make-up - lead-based and highly poisonous but made fashionable by queen
Blackened teeth - made fashionable by queen as teeth rotten to sugar

Question 43

What were the causes for exploration?

Answer 43

Naval Power - England island so powerful navy essential for defence
Empire - Spain’s wealth from New World - Elizabeth saw benefits for overseas territory
Spain weakening - Threat and disliked Elizabeth for being protestant, attacking Spain would reduce wealth and threat
Trade - New World offered new resources (precious metals, crops). Offered new market for English goods. 1550, cloth trade collapsed

Question 44

Elizabeth’s Middle Way:
Key Facts

Answer 44

1559 - Act of Supremacy:
Elizabeth became the ‘Supreme Governor’
All clergy swear oath to Elizabeth
1559 - Act of Uniformity:
Made Protestantism England’s official faith and set out rules of religious practice and worship in revised prayer book
Retained some Catholic traditions - hoped would make good compromise and keep people happy
1563 - 39 Articles:
Set out key elements of religious policy
Today priests have 39 buttons

Question 45

What traditions were apart of Elizabeths middle way?

Answer 45

Nothing wrong with bishops, but must be under control of Queen
(Bishops = catholic)
Protestant:
Clothes and churches plain to focus on god, no music
Catholic:
Priests wear bright robes, colourful; paintings and music
Middle way:
churches kept clean on good repair but can be decorated and can have music, Preists wear special robes

Question 46

cause of Circumnavigation: Drake’s Hatred for Spain

Answer 46

1568 Drake and Hawkins negotiated a truce with Spanish whilst capturing slaves in Sierra Leone. Storm hit and had to anchor in Spanish port. Attacked by Spanish warships despite truce but Drake and Hawkins luckily escaped. Given letter of reprisal to attack back

England swapped to raiding Spanish colonies and ships in order to reduce the power of the Spanish Empire as they were a great force of the world

Question 47

Cause of circumnavigation: New technology + routes

Answer 47

Wanted to explore the Straits of Magellan to investigate trading, conquest and settlement opportunities+ Strait of Anian and trade opportunities such as in the Maluku islands trading for cloves

Knew the Spanish was rich with technology and other trade routes so thought by raiding ships he could continue to gain information. Luckily met Diego who had very good insight as he was a previous slave for the Spanish

Question 48

Cause of Circumnavigation: Improve Drakes Status

Answer 48

Drake saw the potential to gain reputation within the Elizabethan society. With investment from the Privy Council and backing from the Queen, he knew that if the voyage was successful he could become famous and would have a great status in society which led to him becoming Sir Francis Drake after the trip

Question 49

Cause of Cirumnavigation: Foreign Affairs

Answer 49

Hatred for Spain as Spanish attacked him and Hawkins in 1568. Spain were force to be reckoned with. Elizabeth also had relations with Netherlands in Flanders in the Eighty Years war.

Question 50

Cause of Cirumnavigation: Wealth

Answer 50

After the sponsorships from the Privy Council such as Sir Christopher Hatton and the Queen herself, Drake needed to at least make the money back. He knew the luxuries that were being farmed in the Americas such as Gold and Silver such as in Arica he ceased 40 bars of silver and 36 kilos of gold by ceasing Cacafuego. Trade routes…

Question 51

Consequences of Circumnavigation: Deterioration of relationship with Spain

Answer 51

After Drake had robbed Spanish ships and stripped them of luxuries such as 36kg of Gold from Cacafuego, Spain were furious for obvious reasons. After Drake received a knighthood for his acts, the Spanish were furious which influenced the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Question 52

Consequences of Circumnavigation: Increased Fame and Reputation for Drake

Answer 52

After the immense wealth Drake brought back as a result of circumnavigation such as the 36 kilos of Gold which equates to around £480 million in todays worth from Cacafuego, Elizabeth was very impressed despite the disdain of the Privy Council members and knighted him on the Golden Hind in 1581. This brought honour and respectability to someone of a humble background. It also allowed Drake to buy properties and London and allowed him to attend parliament changing his position in society

Question 53

Consequence of Circumnavigation: Wealth

Answer 53

New trade routes such as cloves in the Maluku islands. Ceased 40 bars of Silver in Arica, robbed every ship in harbour at El Callao and hunted down spanish treasure ship Cacafuego where he captured 36 kilos of Gold and 26 tons of silver.

Question 54

Consequence of Circumnavigation: Records made on the voyage

Answer 54

Drake filled his diary with illustrations and maps. This and the charts he stole from Spanish ships such as Santa Maria helped create a new understanding of the world. He also discovered a way to cross the pacific to the Phillipines and discovered Drakes passage which helped to provide faster routes of trade. However Drake kept most of his documents secret and did not reveal all of them therefore making it less important