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Conflict and tension Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the big three?

A

George Clemenceau
(France Prime Minister)
David Lloyd George
(Britain Prime Minister)
Woodrow Wilson
(USA President)

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2
Q

What were the big 3s key aims for peace?

A

France = Wanted Germany to suffer, extreme reparations
Britain = Wanted a fair treaty as they didn’t want Germany too weak so they could still trade with them. But wanted to destroy their navy
USA = Thought the treaty was too harsh on Germany and wanted their own 14 points and the League of Nations

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3
Q

When was the treaty of versailles signed?

A

28th June 1919

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4
Q

Why was the treaty of versailles needed?

A

Was punishment for Germany, to take responsibility for their own actions

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5
Q

What were the terms of the treaty?

A

War guilt clause article 231 (accept full responsibility)
Alsace and Lorraine returned to France (lost 10% of land)
Saar taken for 15 years (control of league)
Rhineland demilitarised
Article 232, Germany blamed and had to pay reparations (6.6 billion)
Anschluss forbidden
Army 100,000, no tanks, submarines, airforce, 15000 men in Navy, 6 battleships
no conscription

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6
Q

What terms were France satisfied with?

A

Receiving Alsace and Loraine, money, air force and submarines

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7
Q

What terms were France dissatisfied with?

A

reparations, didn’t think they would have enough money to fix the economy
didn’t want G to have any army

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8
Q

What terms were Britain satisfied with?

A

no submarines, war guilt clause
reparations helped build damage

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9
Q

Why was it difficult for the big 3 to agree?

A

Arguments over prior agreements - during war, allies (Britain, France, USA) made promises to countries in return for support. E.g. Italy promised land from Austro-Hungarian Empire

Time constraints - conference took 12 months before ToV signed. Hurried to sign so reparations could begin and countries rebuild

Conflict of interest - each of big 3 wanted different things so difficult to agree

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10
Q

What terms were Britain dissatisfied with?

A

6 battleships, wanted them to have none

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11
Q

What terms were USA satisfied with?

A

League of Nations 42 countries joined

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12
Q

What terms were USA dissatisfied with?

A

Wanted Germany in the League of Nations. Wanted 14 points
Felt treaty too harsh and G would seek revenge

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13
Q

What is moral condemnation?

A

to tell someone they are wrong

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14
Q

What is an economic sanction?

A

Punishing a country by stopping trade with them

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15
Q

What was Germanys reaction to the treaty?

A

German people shocked at severity of treaty: government known as November Criminals - Germany stabbed in back
Hated war guilt clause and humiliated by loss of army
Reparations - economy in ruins
Nearly 6 million Germans living in different countries, often gov who resented Germany
1918 - revolts, protesting about war and food
1919 Jan - Communists attempt to overthrow gov
1920 March - Kapp Putsch

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16
Q

Did all powerful countries join league?

A

Russia not allowed to join and countries who lost war could not join

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17
Q

How did League keep peace?

A

collective security and international court set up

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18
Q

How would the league deal with aggression?

A

mitigation
moral condemnation
economic sanctions

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19
Q

where was league based?

A

Geneva, Switzerland as not involved in war
Red Cross based there

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20
Q

How was the league structured?

A

assembly met once a year to discuss and vote on manners - decisions had to be unanimous
The Council - committee took major decisions, met once year - had power to veto. Britain, France, Italy, Japan members

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21
Q

What were the strengths of the league?

A

vast membership
economic sanctions and condemnation daunting punishments for many countries

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22
Q

What were the weaknesses of the league?

A

Important countries didn’t join - USA never joined - undermined league as global organisation and economic sanctions could still trade with powerful countries
no army - could not use force
decisions unanimous - slow decision making

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23
Q

How successful was the league in the 1920s?

A

1920 - Vilna - Capital of Lithuania - people wanted to be Polish, Polish army took control of city, Lithuania asked for help, league told Poland to remove army, refused - league failed to settle dispute. Poland took Vilna

1921 - Aland Islands - Sweden and Finland claimed Aland Islands - league investigated each countries claim and decision to go to Finland however not allowed to build forts. Sweden agreed - league successfully avoided war

1929 - wall street crash - USA plunged into depression - global effect - people turned to extremist parties - League couldn’t stop new parties

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24
Q

What was the locarno treaty?

A

An agreement signed in 1925 which allowed Germany to join the LoN

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25
Q

What happened in 1929?

A

Wall Street Crash
(financial crisis)

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26
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash affect USA?

A

thousands businesses went bankrupt and banks collapsed
by 1933, around 15 million Americans were unemployed, many lost homes
caused Great Depression which lasted throughout 1930s

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27
Q

How did Great Depression affect rest of world?

A

industries lost a valuable market for trade as Americans no longer buying luxuries.
had to fire workers
people lost faith in governments and looked for strong leaders who could help country recover (political parties with extreme ideas)

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28
Q

How did the Great Depression affect the League of nations?

A

countries were too busy dealing with their own problems to support league
Hitler and Mussolini weren’t afraid to use violence to get what they wanted
to fight aggressive dictators, League would need army, but countries didn’t want the expense of war during depression.
only sanction league could impose were economic
countries weren’t willing to stop trade with others during economic crisis, would cause more unemployment.

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29
Q

What happened in 1930s?

A

Manchurian crisis
Abyssinia

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30
Q

Why did Japan want Manchuria?

A

Suffering from Great Depression
Industry in decline as much of economy based on exporting silk to rich countries (USA)
Production and unemployment had fallen 30% by 1931
Had very small space and few natural resources
Manchuria had fertile farmland, industry and natural resources

31
Q

Why was Manchuria a good place to invade?

A

Geographically close to Japan
History of confusion over who owned it in the past

32
Q

What was the mukden incident?

A

18 September 1931, explosion on South Manchurian Railway. Japanese army claimed train was attacked by Chinese soldiers
Chinese said soldiers were asleep
Kwantung army used events as excuse to take Manchuria
1932 Japan renamed Manchuria, Manchuko. Put ex-Chinese emperor as puppet ruler

33
Q

Manchurian Crisis
Why was the League reluctant to act?

A

League didn’t want big fight, many felt Japan owned Manchuria and was entitled to take control. Chinese even agreed in treaties Japan had economic rights in region
Japan was powerful member of League
Chinese politics disorganised. Many members felt it was good thing Japan introducing order in region

34
Q

Manchurian Crisis
What did the league do?

A

Issued moral condemnation - told Japan to withdraw troops - Japan refused
Put together a Commission of Inquiry, led by politician Lord Lytton
Lytton investigated, put together Lytton report
Concluded what people already knew: Japan in wrong, even if there was attack, Japan overreacted and should not have invaded

35
Q

Manchurian Crisis
How did Japan react to leagues findings?

A

Japan ignored official findings and left league
Feb 1933, Japan invaded Jehol (another Chinese region)
Used the two areas as bases to invade rest of country in 1937
By 1938, most major cities in China controlled by Japanese army

36
Q

Why did Mussolini want Abyssinia?

A

Thought invasion would be easy, Italy already owned small colonies bordering Abyssinia
Good for Italian economy: rich natural resources, good land for grazing animals
1896, Italy had tried and failed, humiliated and wanted revenge
Mussolini convinced Britain and France would not stop him from building empire in Africa

37
Q

Write an account of how the Versailles peace settlement was affected by the fact the war was mainly fought in France

A
  1. Germans destroyed many mines, railways,factories, bridges and farmland.
  2. French also suffered the most deaths leading to many French people pressuring Clemenceau to get revenge on the Germans
38
Q

“Territorial losses were the worst punishment faced by Germany in the Treaty of Versailles” How far do you agree? 16 marks

A

Intro 3 points then conclusion
Intro=disagree
Point 1= Territorial losses such as Saar, Danzig and Polish corridor and Alsace Lorraine
Point 2= favourable= reparations 6.6 billion which would take paying back till 1988
Point 3= reduction of military such as limited to 100,000 men and were not allowed tanks, submarines or an air force

39
Q

Write an account how how the treaty of Versailles caused problems for Germany 8 marks

A
  1. Political instability- spartacists in 1919 and Kapp Putsch in 1920 and government branded as the November criminals
  2. Economic problems- hyperinflation after missing payment
40
Q

Clemenceau was the least satisfied of the big three by the treaty of Versailles. How far do you agree with this question? 16 marks

A

Intro= agree

  1. Clemenceau- People wanted Germany to be destroyed, Clemenceau wanted Germany to have no army, independent Rhineland, reparations not enough, French people wanted Saar for good
  2. Woodrow Wilson= League of Nations was created which is good, 42 countries agreed to work together to keep peace,
  3. Lloyd George= war guilt clause was a success and reparations were received, German army heavily reduced, Britain gained territory from German empire
41
Q

“The organisation and structure of the League meant it was always going to fail” How do you agree with this statement? (16)

A

Intro= agree

  1. Assembly= only met once a year and made unanimous decisions,
  2. Punishments- the League had no Army so could not instigate issues with force however because there were so many members, moral condemnation and economic sanctions were daunting punishments

3- Members - It had a vast membership meaning it could solve issues from all around the world, however powerful such as USA and Russia were not involved

42
Q

“The League of Nations failed more often than it succeeded in the 1920s” How often do you agree with this statement?
16 marks

A

Intro= can go either way depending on 3rd Paragraph

  1. International disputes- Vilna(Poland undermined the League), Upper Silesia, Corfu(Italy persuaded other members of league to undermine it), but Aland island was a success
  2. Humanitarianism= International Labour organisation- 77 countries agreed to set a minimum wage, Commission for refugees- League helped 427,000 out of 500,000 prisoners of war to be freed, Homes were found for around 600,000 Greeks fleeing from Turkey, Helped abolish slavery in Sierra Leone, Contributed to stopping opium epidemic.
  3. More examples for either depending on agree or disagree
43
Q

What did the Locarno treaties achieve?

A

Britain, Italy, Belgium, Germany and Czechoslovakia agreed to not go to war and would defend if any countries attacked, Germany was allowed to join League of Nations

44
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928

A

65 countries met to agree that they would not use war as a way to settle disputes

45
Q

Why did the league fail in Abyssinia

A
  1. Did not close the Suez Canal because France + Britain did not want to upset Mussolini, owned by France and Britain so could’ve stoped Mussolini moving troops and supplies into Abyssinia
  2. Hoare-Laval pact- Hoare and Laval from Britain and France met in secret to agree that Italy would receive areas of Abyssinia. This showed the members of the League were willing to undermine the League for their own self interest
  3. Sanctions against Abyssinia- League also banned members from selling weapons to Abyssinia so they were left practically defenceless
  4. Trade sanctions against Italy- League did not ban oil and steel or coal imports to Italy as Britain didn’t want to lose money with coal imports and USSR and USA could still trade as they were not in league
46
Q

What were the consequences for the League following Abyssinia crisis?

A

1936 - Italy left league
Britain and France showed more interested in protecting themselves - small countries knew league would do nothing to protect them so almost no one regarded league as serious or powerful

47
Q

When was Abyssinian crisis

A

1935-36

48
Q

Write an account of how Hitler broke the terms of the treaty of Versailles between 1933 and 1935

A
  1. Rearmament- Hitler in 1935 announced he was reintroducing conscription, expanding his army to one million men and rebuilding his air force
  2. Anglo-German agreement- Britain signed an agreement with Germany stating that Hitler could build his navy up to 35% of the British one and could build 45% of the number of British submarines
49
Q

Write an account of how the remilitarisation of the Rhineland created tension in Europe? 8 marks

A
  1. Short term- By remilitarising the Rhineland, Hitler broke both the treaty of Versailles and Locarno treaties without any complaints as Britain and France and League of Nations were more focussed on Abyssinia. This led to tension as France felt threatened as Hitler moved 22,000 men to their border and it also showed Hitler that he could do as he pleased and could continue with his foreign policy such as Anschluss
  2. Long term- Britain and France rearmed, Britain and France created agreement that they would protect each other if Germany attacked and Mussolini and Hitler signed the Rome Berlin axis which united the two tyrants of Europe and therefore creating mass tension in europe
50
Q

Write an account of the events of Anchluss

A
  1. Schuschnigg made a deal with the nazis saying he would give them key positions in the Austrian Government
  2. Hitler threatened to invade Austria if Schuschnigg did not allow a nazi minister to gain power over Austrian police and release nazis from prison
  3. Schuschnigg decided to hold a plebiscite so the Austrian people could vote on anchluss but Hitler demanded the plebiscite to be postponed
  4. Nazi troops invaded Austria but people welcomed them with flowers and on 10th April Hitler held a plebiscite to vote on Anchluss and 99% of Austrians voted for it
51
Q

Why did Britain allow Germany to take the Sudetenland

A
  1. Sudetenland was home to around 3 million German-speaking people who claimed they had been persecuted by the Czechs so the British used this as an excuse to validate the invasion
  2. The main reason was Appeasement. This was a British and French policy designed to avoid war. Therefore, to avoid a war with Germany, Chamberlain met with Hitler to discuss it and they allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland.
52
Q

Was appeasement a good idea?

A

Yes:
War too expensive during Great Depression - cost lives
Hitler could be ally against communism, especially as USA refusing to support Britain and France
No:
Opportunities to stop Hitler when he was weak missed, e.g. remilitarising Rhineland
Czechoslovakia were strong and modern, could’ve made stand against Hitler but forced to back down

53
Q

Why was the invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia significant?

A
  1. This was the first time Hitler invaded a country that he had no claim to.
  2. Czechoslovakia was a strong country and with support could’ve defeated the Nazis but due to appeasement this opportunity was lost.
  3. Chamberlain promised Poland that Britain would defend them if Hitler attacked
54
Q

Write an account of how the nazi soviet pact led to war

A
  1. USSR questioned Poland’s existence so Stalin was determined to reclaim this land. Hitler did want USSR to intervene so made a deal that if USSR allowed Hitler to invade Poland, the USSR would be given Polish territory. So on 23 August 1939 the Nazi soviet pact was signed.
  2. This meant that when war did break out, Britain and France would face Germany without the support or Russia. So as the mighty soviet army would now side with the Nazis, Hitler had the upper hand.
55
Q

“The nazi soviet pact was the main reason for the outbreak of the Second World War” how far do you agree with this statement

A

Intro=disagree

  1. Nazi soviet pact
  2. Appeasement(main one)
  3. Hitlers aggressive foreign policy
56
Q

Write an account for how the events in Manchuria became an international crisis in the years 1931 to 1933.

A
  1. Britain and France felt let down by Japans invasion. Japan was powerful member of league and had undermined covenant. League was unsure of what to do as didn’t want big fight. Set up Lytton Commission. concluded Japanese forces shouldn’t have occupied Manchuria. Became international crisis as Japan ignored conclusion and left League
  2. League took too long to respond. Took Lord Lytton long time to travel to Japan so sufficient evidence only brought back a year after invasion. International crisis as League aim to discourage aggression and members to trust League. Events showed League no longer respected as couldn’t deal with powerful countries leading to more aggression with Italy and Germany in Abyssinia
57
Q

Write an account for how problems in the Sudetenland led to an international crisis in 1938.

A

Frances alliance with Czechoslovakia meant war if Germany decided to annex disputed land. Chamberlain went to visit Hitler twice and each time demands increased. First Hitler agreed to plebiscite then argued he wanted all Sudetenland handed over.

Caused panic in Europe as Chamberlain could not agree so seemed there would be war. Munich conference avoided conflict as Britain persuaded France + Czech to hand Sudetenland over.

58
Q

Write an account of how events in Abyssinia 1935-36 affected the League of Nations.

A
  1. Showed League was openly sabotaged by actions of leading members such as Italy but also the secret deal made by Hoare and Laval from Britain and France. Showed self-interest their priority as wanted to keep Mussolini on their side rather than Hitlers so agreed could have land in Abyssinia, undermining League.
  2. Affected Leagues reputation. League had no authority over international relations and had no power or influence over aggressive countries. Small countries knew League would not protect them so no one really respected League.
59
Q

Why was League destined to fail?

A

Had no army
Trade sanctions didn’t work as countries still trade with places such as USA
League met only once a year, council could veto proposals, decisions had to be unanimous. Made decision-making slow
America refused to join and other powerful countries such as Germany and USSR not allowed when League formed
Great Depression meant countries concerned with own problems. Also caused people to turn to extremist dictators like Hitler and Mussolini

60
Q

What were Hitlers foreign policy aims?

A

Lebensraum - taking land in the east
Rearmament - Introduce conscription and build Luftwaffe to make Germany strong again and create jobs in munitions factories, reducing unemployment
Reunite German speaking people/ Anschluss - 10% of German pop living outside Germany
Destroy Communism - Jewish man started idea of communism and Hitler hated Jews so believed Communism would destroy Germany

61
Q

Why would Hitlers foreign policy lead to war?

A

Lebensraum - Invasion of countries in Eastern Europe would be considered act of war so other countries may protect countries being invaded
Rearmament - Military power severely restricted in Treaty. Would break international law and other countries would become suspicious on why Germany needed large army
Reunite german speaking people + create Greater Germany - Reclaim land lost in treaty + unite areas no longer German land, unlikely other countries would give up regions without fight, Hitler breaking international law
Destroy communism - USSR had massive army + developing relations with Britain + France. Ally with many Eastern European countriesHitler targeting. Hitler provoking powerful nation.

62
Q

How did countries react to Hitlers foreign policies?

A

Britain - Chamberlain sent Halifax to find out what Hitler wanted, Used appeasement (giving Hitler a little of what he wanted) to stop full-scale war. Britain signed Stresa Front with France and Italy in 1935 (nations would unite against threat of Hitler)

France - Government found it difficult to concentrate on threat from Hitler with problems of their own as people had suffered greatly from the Depression

USSR - Stalin concerned about Hitler due to his promise of destroying Communism, Relations with Britain and France improved when allowed to join League 1934. Wanted to stop Hitlers expansion into East

USA - Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) promised to keep America out of any war in Europe following poll published in 1934 stating 70% Americans thought USA shouldn’t interfere in a WW2. FDR tried to get Hitler to promise he would stop invading countries, but Hitler didn’t listen.

63
Q

How did Britain and France react to Hitlers foreign policies?

A

Let Hitler get away with breaking treaty as didn’t want war (countries couldn’t afford due to depression) - many British thought treaty too harsh anyway, concerned about USSR - thought Hitler valuable ally against communism

64
Q

How did USSR and USA react to Hitlers foreign policies?

A

Stalin worried Hitler’s determination to destroy communism and 1935 signed mutual assistance treaty with France. Stalin work with allies to protect from Hitler

USA followed policy of isolationism during Depression - 1934 poll 70% Americans said did not want to be involved in second war in Europe

65
Q

How did Hitler break the Treaty of Versailles?

A

1935 - rearmament - Hitler held rally and announced rebuilding German army and reintroducing conscription - developed Luftwaffe
1936 - remilitarising Rhineland - wanted Lebensraum but needed to protect borders in west
Troops entered Rhineland and greeted by civilians - Britain and France didn’t stop. Began rearming, France started ignoring treaties to protect borders

66
Q

How did Hitler achieve Anschluss?

A

Treaty prevented uniting of Austria and Germany - Hitler aimed to unite German speaking people and destroy treaty
Had Austrian Nazis murder Dollfuss, Austrian Chancellor, backed down when Mussolini moved troops to border
Hitler made Seyys-Inquart new chancellor - Nazis entered Austria and crowds cheered them on
Plebiscite held and Nazi’s won 99% of vote

67
Q

How did Austria react to Anschluss?

A

99% voted in favour, polling stations heavily policed by Nazi ‘storm troopers’ and ‘yes’ box bigger than ‘no’ box

68
Q

How did Britain react to Anschluss?

A

Decided treaty too harsh and thought Germany and Austria essentially same country so thought should be allowed to unite

69
Q

How did Czechoslovakia react to Anschluss?

A

Feared Hitler’s policy of Lebensraum would mean they were invaded next. Britain and France agreed to protect Czechoslovakia

70
Q

Why were Hitler’s next steps on road to war more easily achieved due to Anschluss?

A

could use Austrian army; access east through Austria; Sudetenland now bordered by Germany and Austria on 3 sides

71
Q

How was Hitler able to invade Poland?

A

Nazi Soviet Pact - Britain and France face war with Germany without USSR as ally - had huge army and no longer threat to Germany

72
Q

Why was Chamberlain responsible for war?

A

missed opportunities to stop Hitler, because of appeasement - failed to act to Rhineland remilitarisation
excluded Stalin from Munich Conference, alienated Stalin and prompted him to sign Nazi Soviet Pact

73
Q

How was Mussolini responsible for war?

A

Invaded Abyssinia destroying people’s confidence in league. Didn’t intervene when Hitler carried out Anschluss

74
Q

What other factors were responsible for war?

A

Fear of Communism - Britain and France allowed Hitler to grow strong as thought Germany would be buffer against Communism
Depression - America demanded loans back from Germany; led to collapse of industry and more voting for Hitler
Weaknesses and collapse of League - Hitler saw he could get away with invading countries without being punished just as Japan had done and Mussolini

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