Elizabeth Flashcards
1
Q
Give one reason why Elizabeth’s gender was a problem.
A
-belief that women were weak - made England vulnerable to invasion
Concerns over who she would marry - the man would have a lot of power
2
Q
Why was religion a problem for Elizabeth when she became queen?
A
England had been through years of religious change and turmoil. The country was still split between Catholics and Protestants
3
Q
Why was Elizabeth’s legitimacy questioned by some in England?
A
Henry VIII had declared Elizabeth illegitimate soon after he executed her mother
Catholics do not recognise divorce so believed Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn was not legitimate
4
Q
From which country did Elizabeth face the most serious threat of invasion when she became queen in 1558?
A
France
5
Q
Which body had to be consulted if Tudor monarchs wanted more money?
A
Parliament
6
Q
How many times did Parliament meet during Elizabeth’s 45 year reign?
A
13
7
Q
What was the name of the body of Elizabeth’s advisors?
A
The Privy Council
8
Q
How many men sat on the Privy Council?
A
19
9
Q
What was the name given to the growing middle class?
A
The gentry. Cecil was a member of the gentry.
10
Q
How much debt did Elizabeth inherit when she became queen?
A
£300,000
11
Q
What were 2 of Elizabeth’s aims regarding religion?
A
- to heal the divisions between Protestants and Catholics to avoid civil war
- to maximise her personal power by taking as much control over the church as possible
12
Q
Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?
A
-a close advisor of Elizabeth and her spymaster
13
Q
Who was Robert Dudley the Earl of Leicester?
A
Leading Nobleman, advisor and favourite of Elizabeth
14
Q
What did Elizabeth do in 1559 to solve the issue of religious division?
A
created the Religious Settlement
15
Q
Name two features of the Act of Supremacy, 1559
A
It re-established the break from Rome and an independent Church of England and all members of the clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth
- Elizabeth was Supreme Governor of the Church of England. This meant Catholics could still recognise the Pope as head of the Church
- However, as a compromise Archbishops and Bishops were being kept as it was hoped would please Catholics
16
Q
Name the features of the Act of Uniformity, 1559
A
- Catholic Mass was abandoned and the bible was written in English (to please protestants)
- Ornaments such and crosses and candles could be placed on the communion table and Priests had to wear traditional - style Vestments (to please Catholics)
17
Q
How were these two acts viewed at the time?
A
Majority were happy but Puritans and extreme Catholics thought it gave too much away to the other side.
18
Q
Geographically, where was Catholicism strongest in England?
A
North East and North West
19
Q
What is a Puritan?
A
-English Protestant who wanted to further simplify the church of England and remove anything related to Catholicism
20
Q
What was the impact of the religious settlement on the Clergy?
A
8000 priests took the oath of supremacy showing their support for the Acts introduced
However, only 1 bishop took the oath, so 27 new bishops were appointed
21
Q
Name two features of the crucifix controversy
A
Elizabeth wanted crucifixes in Churches. Puritans did not like crucifixes
Multiple Puritan bishops threatened to resign. There were not enough suitable replacement bishops so the Queen backed down and removed crucifixes from the church
22
Q
Name the features of the vestment controversy
A
-Elizabeth wanted priests to wear special vestments but many Puritan priests refused. A special exhibition was held in London to show what vestments they should wear. Of the 110 priests invited 37 refused to attend. They lost their post. Elizabeth won this battle
23
Q
How did the Pope challenge Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement, and what was the impact of this?
A
He issued a statement in 1566 that Catholics should not attend protestant church services. This had virtually no impact
24
Q
What proportion of the nobility were Catholic?
A
30%
25
Why were some Catholic nobles unhappy with the Religious Settlement?
Elizabeth chose to have Protestant advisors so they found their political power and influence decrease
26
What is a heretic?
People who didn't believe the teachings of the Catholic church
27
What is a recusant?
Someone who refuses to attend Church of England services
28
How did Elizabeth reduce the threat of France?
-signed the treaty of Troyes confirming that Calais belonged to France in 1564
29
How did Elizabeth reduce the threat of France?
-signed the treaty of Troyes confirming that Calais belonged to France in 1564
30
Give three reasons why Spain was unhappy with Elizabeth in 1559
1) Elizabeth had supported protestant rebels in the Netherlands
2) Elizabeth had stolen gold from a Spanish ship
3) Elizabeth had refused to marry him
31
Why was Mary Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth in 1568?
- she was next in line to the throne. Her grandmother was Margaret Tudor and her great grandfather was Henry VII. She also had a son, James
- she had close links with France through her French mother, first husband (King of France ) and childhood spent in France. The French might also support her claim
- she was Catholic and had the support of many Catholic nobles in England who did not believe that Elizabeth was a legitimate queen
32
How did Elizabeth deal with Mary in 1568?
She was kept under house arrest
33
In what year did the Pope introduce a Bull excommunicating Elizabeth?
1570
34
Why was the excommunication significant?
Because English Catholics did not have to be loyal to Elizabeth
35
When was the Treason Act?
1571
36
What did the Treason Act state?
anyone denying Elizabeth's supremacy and bringing in the Pope's Bull of Excommunication will be executed
37
When was the Northern rebellion?
November 1569
38
Give the religious reasons why the Northern nobles were unhappy with Elizabeth in the 1560's
Catholicism was strongest in North of England. Wanted restoration of Catholicism under Catholic monarch. Arrival of MQS in 1568 gave them hope Elizabeth could be replaced
Hatred of Elizabeth's religious settlement. Elizabeth had appointed James Pilkington (Protestant) as archbishop of Durham
39
Give the political reasons why the Northern nobles were unhappy with Elizabeth in the 1560's
- saw power and influence over monarch reducing
- Elizabeth preferred Protestant advisors from non-noble families. Hatred of William Cecil
- Elizabeth increased her control of the north through Council of the North - council was controlled by Protestants - Nobles resented this
40
Why was the Duke of Northumberland angry with Elizabeth?
She had taken large areas of land from him and shared them between his main rival in the north and a southern Protestant. Elizabeth had also claimed all profits from copper mines discovered in his land
41
Name three important figures who took part in the Northern rebellion
Duke of Norfolk (queen Elizabeth's cousin), Northumberland, and Westmoreland
42
Who did the earls want to replace Elizabeth with as queen of England?
MQS
43
Which city did the nobles capture and what did they do at the cathedral there?
Durham - celebrated mass
44
Why did the rebellion fail?
- large royal army of 10,000 met rebels - showed support for Elizabeth
- little support for revolt among majority of Catholic nobility and ordinary people - most chose to support queen
- Spain / Pope's promise of military support did not happen
45
What happened to the nobles after they were defeated?
400-600 of those involved were executed, including Northumberland, although not until 1572. Others fled to Scotland / abroad.
46
What was the impact of the Northern uprising?
- Elizabeth confiscated the land of the Earls who rebelled making her stronger
- the reorganising of the Northern Council strengthened her position
- Norfolk was released after 9 months in the tower of London
- she became less tolerant of Catholics. Recusancy was punished more harshly
- the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570
47
What did Pope Pius do in 1570 and how did this increase the Catholic threat?
Papal bull excommunicating Elizabeth. Meant Catholics no longer had to obey her - encouraged to overthrow her
48
What were the aims of the plots?
Assassinate Elizabeth I. Replace her with Catholic MQS
49
In what year was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
50
Who supported the Ridolfi plot?
Pope and King Phillip who agreed to provide troops
51
why did the plot fail?
Letters were intercepted. Elizabeth's allies passed names of main conspirators to her
52
In what year was the Throckmorton plot?
1583
53
Who uncovered the Throckmorton plot?
Francis Walsingham - had Throckmorton under surveillance for months
54
What did English nobles have to sign after the failed Throckmorton Plot and what did it require them to do?
Bond of Association - required them to execute anyone who tried to overthrow Elizabeth
55
Why were the Catholic plots never a real threat?
- Elizabeth was popular - conspirators lacked public support - eg. failure of Northern Earls showed lack of appetite for Catholic revolution
- Phillip II - reluctant to destroy alliance with Elizabeth - promises of support were half - hearted and rarely followed through
- Spy network always uncovered plots long before they fully developed
56
When was the Babington plot?
1586
57
How was the plots discovered?
Walsingham was aware of the plot and allowed it to develop to the point where letters were found showing that Mary agreed to the assassination of Elizabeth
58
What happened to Mary?
-found guilt of treason. Elizabeth signed her death warrant but did not seal it. Mary was executed
59
When was MQS executed and why had Elizabeth been reluctant up until then?
1587 - Mary a fellow monarch - believed in divine right, executing Mary undermined claim to rule by Divine Right and might fuel more plots against her
60
What were the main reasons Mary was executed?
- claim to the throne and Catholicism
- involvement in the Babington plot - she was finally implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
- her links abroad - she had the support of Phillip of Spain and the Pope so there was a constant threat of invasion
- Privy Council - they wanted her dead as she would always be a focal point for catholic plots whilst alive. The council had passed the Act for the Preservation of the Queen's safety in 1585 meaning if Mary was found guilty of involvement in a plot she could be put on trial
61
What was the impact of Mary's beheading?
Limited - English Catholics did not rise up against Elizabeth
Although Phillip did launch the Armada it was not a direct consequence of the execution
62
Why did England and Spain have good relations at the start of Elizabeth's reign?
Marriage alliances (Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon / Phillip II married to Mary) and fought together against France in the 1550's
63
Who controlled the Netherlands?
Spain
64
Why were the Netherlands important to England?
English exports to Europe were vital to English economy - went through Dutch ports like Antwerp
65
Which port in the Netherlands was vital to England's exports?
Antwerp
66
Which countries did Phillip II rule over?
Spain, Portugal, parts of Italy and the Netherlands. He also had an empire in North and South America and Phillippines
67
Why was there political rivalry between England and Spain ?
- Spanish ambassadors were involved or linked to the Throckmorton plot
- Elizabeth refused to marry Phillip so causing him considerable embarrassment
- the situation in the Netherlands is an example of the political rivalry
68
What do you call English sailors who traded illegally with Spanish colonies and attacked Spanish treasure fleets? give examples.
Privateers - John Hawkins and Francis Drake
69
What examples are there of commercial rivalry?
John Hawkins challenged the Spanish monopoly of the slave trade
Hawkins, Drake, and other privateers stole from Spanish ships. Key events were Nombre de Dios (1572) and Cacafuego (1579)
Drake captured £40,000 of silver in 1572 and returned with £400,000 worth of treasure after his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580.
70
How did Elizabeth help Dutch rebels against the Spanish in 1568?
sheltered Dutch sea beggars in her ports
71
What did Elizabeth do in 1568 with the Spanish ships laden with gold that took refuge in English ports?
seized the gold for herself - 'Genoese Loan' - argued it was money from Italian bankers and not, therefore, Spanish gold
72
How did Phillip react to the seizure?
-banned English trade with the Netherlands. This damaged England's economy and forced merchants to look for new markets overseas
73
Who did Elizabeth encourage to help the Dutch against the Spanish in the 1570's?
The French Duke of Alencon
74
What did the Spanish sign with the Dutch after they went bankrupt in 1576?
The Pacification of Ghent asking the Spanish to leave the Netherlands. The Spanish then ignored this and invaded the Netherlands again
75
How did Elizabeth increase the help she was giving to the Dutch in 1577?
She sent a mercenary John Casimir to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands - this failed
76
How did Elizabeth support the Dutch rebellion against Spanish rule in 1581?
Offered limited financial help to the rebels but did not want to provoke Phillip
77
Why was Elizabeth initially reluctant to help the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands against the Spanish?
Reluctant to provoke Phillip by getting directly involved - did support with limited financial help
78
What was the name of the Dutch rebel who was assassinated in 1584?
William of Orange
79
What did the French and the Spanish sign in 1584 and how did this impact England?
After the Duke of Alencon died, France and Spain signed the treaty of Joinville which meant that England was now isolated.
the Privy Council pushed Elizabeth to send an army to the Netherlands
80
What was the name of the Treaty Elizabeth signed in 1585 which placed the Netherlands under her protection?
Treaty of Nonsuch
81
Why did Elizabeth sign this Treaty
Religious - ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants
Military - if rebels defeated, Phillip could use Netherlands as base for invasion
Commercial - key ports for English trade
Strategic - if Dutch rebels defeated then Spain would control Channel and Atlantic coasts of Europe
82
How many troops did Elizabeth send to the Netherlands?
In 1585, England sent 7000 troops to the Netherlands
83
Who led the English military expedition to the Netherlands?
Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester)
84
What titles did he accept when he arrived and why did Elizabeth force him to resign his position as a result?
Governor - General of the Netherlands / risked provoking Phillip as implied Elizabeth wanted control of the Netherlands
85
Why was England defeated?
Leadership - Dudley was not a talented general and his officers were bitterly divided over strategy
Resources - English army was small and poorly equipped and funded compared with Spanish
86
Who was the Spanish general leading the campaign against the Dutch rebels / English?
Duke of Parma
87
What role did Dudley play as commander of the English forces?
He was able to slow down the Spanish forces but was ultimately defeated
88
What did Phillip II do after Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Nonsuch?
Prepared invasion of England. He began plans to build an armada
89
Which Spanish port did Francis Drake attack in 1587?
Cadiz
90
Why did Francis Drake attack the port of Cadiz in 1587?
To slow down Spanish preparations for the Armada by destroying or raiding naval supplies
91
How many ships did Drake destroy?
30
92
How else did Drake slow down Phillip's preparations for the Armada?
Drake sailed along coast destroying supplies being sent to Lisbon and seized valuable ship - San Filipe - which allowed Elizabeth to improve English defences with money captured
93
What was the impact of the raid on Cadiz? ('singeing of the King of Spain's beard')
Destroyed planks of wood used to make barrels to carry food and water. Spanish had to rely on poorer quality wood which did not preserve food or water well
Expensive - strained Spain's finances
Delayed Armada for a year allowing England time prepare
94
When did the Armada depart?
May 1588
95
Who led the Armada?
Duke of Medina Sidonia - little military or naval experience
96
Who led the English fleet?
Lord Howard, Sir Francis Drake - experienced seamen
97
Why was the Armada unable to join forces with Spanish troops waiting in the Netherlands?
Poor communication and the troops in the Netherlands were slowed down by Dutch ships blockading them at Ostend.
Spanish plans were flawed
98
What did the English do to cause panic among the Spanish and lead them to cut their anchors?
sent fireships towards the Spanish fleet whilst they were anchored at Calais
99
Why else were English tactics and ships superior to the Spanish?
They had newer faster/narrower galleons that could sail close to the Spanish ships and then move away quickly. The English cannons could also be reloaded more quickly. However they only had 24 of these new ships.
100
What role did the wind play in the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
the wind changes direction and blew the Armada in to the North sea making it impossible to meet up with Parma. This was called the "Protestant wind". It also meant the Spanish got stuck in storms and had to sail back via Scotland and Ireland where many ships were shipwrecked.
101
Which European countries were first to explore the world beyond Europe in the 1400's?
Spain and Portugal - voyages of discovery to Africa, the Americas, and Asia. By the time Elizabeth came to the throne, Spain and Portugal had colonies in Americas
102
What were the advances in technology which made longer journeys possible?
1590's - John Davies invented the backstaff which made navigation easier and more accurate than the sea astrolabe
From 1570's, the log and line helped sailors estimate their speed with more accuracy
Ships - building - English built larger and longer ships which were better suited to long ocean voyages because they were faster, more stable, and easier to navigate.
103
How did maps improve?
More detailed and reliable - eg. the Mercator map
104
Why did rivalry with Spain encourage exploration?
Spain made it difficult for English traders to trade freely through Antwerp. This encouraged them to look for new rotes into Europe and further afield, especially Americas and Asia
Elizabeth realised she needed to compete with Spain globally, not just within Europe
105
how did Elizabeth encourage the development of England's international trade?
- Granted some merchants monopolies which gave them exclusive rights to trade in a particular part of the world
- encouraged privateering and explored opportunities to establish English colonies in the Americas
106
Give an example of an English monopoly Elizabeth granted.
East India Company - given a monopoly on trade with Asia in 1600
107
Who was John Hawkins?
A slave trader. He traded slaves captured in West Africa in the Caribbean making him very wealth
108
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
An English explorer who attempted to develop colonies in modern day north America
109
Why did Elizabeth want an English colony in the Americas?
Political: it would challenge Spain's dominance in the Americas and could be used as a base for attacking Spanish treasure ships
Financial: A colony would provide opportunities for trade and be a source of raw materials that would make English rich.
110
When did Walter Raleigh go on his fact-finding mission to North America? Where did he land?
1584 / Roanoke Island
111
What did Raleigh return to England with?
Two Native Americans
112
When was the first attempt to set up a colony in Virginia?
1585
113
Who led this first expedition?
Sir Richard Grenville
114
How many settlers went on this first expedition?
108
115
When did the majority of settlers return to England and why?
1586 - Francis Drake arrived to find planters running low on supplies - most were unhappy so decided to return
116
When was the second attempt to establish a colony? How many people settled?
1587 / 100 settlers
117
Why were supplies from England delayed?
Spanish Armada in 1588
118
What happened when the supply ship reached Roanoke?
All the planters had disappeared. Roanoke known as the 'Lost Colony'
119
Why was the attempt to set up a colony in Virginia a failure?
TIMING: The voyage set off too late in the year to be able to plant crops in Virginia and so they were short of food - this made them vulnerable to problems like delayed supply ships. Also the ship the Tiger flooded which meant that many supplies were ruined such as food and gunpowder.
There was a poor mix of people - there were too many craftsmen and not enough farmers. This led to a reliance on native Americans for supplies and skills which led to increasing hostility
120
How did the planters anger the local Native Americans?
Too demanding of supplies and food. Wingina the local chief disliked the English as many of his tribe died due to disease.
-He was killed in a battle with colonists
121
Who was Sir Francis Drake?
A Privateer
122
What problems did Drake face when circumnavigating the globe?
Rough seas, pirates, the Spanish
123
What why was Drake's circumnavigation an achievement ?
- The second man in history to achieve this
- first Englishman to achieve this
- returned with £400,000 in treasure with Elizabeth getting £200,000 of that
124
Why did population growth increase poverty?
Food production did not keep pace with population. Food prices rose and led to food shortages
More competition for land - rents increased and many were forced out of homes
125
What was the name given to increase in rents by greedy landlords?
Rack renting
126
What were the developments in farming that increased poverty?
Enclosures - reduced common land that the poor had traditionally used to grow crops / keep animals
Sheep farming - required fewer labourers so increased unemployment. Also led to fall in grain production which contributed to rising food prices and inflation
127
What did monasteries offer to the poor?
Food, shelter, and basic treatment of illnesses in times of need
128
Why were the poor no longer able to rely on monasteries under Elizabeth?
Henry VIII had closed down most of England's monasteries between 1531-36 as part of his conversion to Protestantism
129
How had events abroad led to increasing poverty in England?
Switch to sheep farming instead of grain was due to wool exports being more profitable. This then led to poverty due to unemployment as not as many farmers were needed to tend sheep
130
Why were Elizabethans so worried about poverty levels rising?
Crime rates / worried poor might rise up in rebellion if problem was not addressed
131
What did Elizabethans call the poor who were unable to support themselves or who wanted to work but were unable?
Deserving poor
132
What did they call the poor who were beggars, criminals, etc?
Undeserving poor
133
What was poor relief?
money paid for by the poor rate. If you were the undeserving poor you were not helped, but rather punished
134
Name the things that the 1563 Poor Law said.
- Gave magistrates power to raise local funds for poor relief
- People not paying the poor rate could be imprisoned or fined
- stated the undeserving poor could be publicly whipped
135
What did the 1572 Poor Law say?
- gave local officials power to decide how much people should pay
- underserving poor could be whipped and drilled a hole through both ears. Death penalty if caught 3 times
136
Where did rich children receive an education?
At home with private tutors. Boys did hunting, maths, languages. Girls did singing and dancing and also learnt languages and literature
137
What were petty schools?
Small local schools that provided a basic education up to the age of 8 years
138
What was taught at petty schools?
Basic reading, writing, and sometimes maths. Strong religious focus
139
Who attended petty schools ?
Mostly boys but some girls
140
At what age did people attend petty schools?
No fixed age but usually from six and stayed until they could read and write
141
How many new grammar schools were set up under Elizabeth?
100
142
What sort of children attended grammar schools?
Mostly boys from upper middle classes and gentry. Some grammars offered free places to bright boys from poorer backgrounds
143
What was taught at grammar schools?
Latin, classical literature and Greek. Also arithmetic. Some grammar schools also taught subjects like craftsmanship / business skills
144
Could girls get an education?
Very few did except the very rich. However there were some Dame schools for middle class girls.
145
What were the two main universities that boys attended?
Oxford and Cambridge
146
What did students study at university?
Arithmetic, Greek, Astronomy, Philosophy and theology. All courses were conducted entirely in Latin.
147
What did the rich do for entertainment?
Hunted deer and other wild animals. Hawking with trained falcons. Fencing. Tennis, bowls.
148
What did ordinary people do for entertainment?
Football - few rules, often descended into fights
blood sports - cockfighting, bull or bear-baiting, gambling.
149
Name two famous Elizabethan theatres.
The Globe
| The Curtain
150
How did theatre change under Elizabeth?
Became more permanent and purpose built theatres were built
151
What were the differences in how the poor and the rich enjoyed theatre?
The poor payed a penny to stand in the pit.
| The rich sat in the gallery.
152
How did Elizabeth support theatre?
She set up her own acting company, The Queen's Men.
