Elimination Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about eliminations and substitution reactions?

A

they often compete with one another since they have the same starting material

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2
Q

in an elimination pathway, how does the reagent/nucleophile act?

A

it acts as a base rather than a nucleophile

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3
Q

In an elimination reaction, what are the three products?

A

an alkene, the leaving group anion, and the formation of a conjugate acid

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4
Q

what is the rate law for an E2 reaction

A

R=K[subs][base]

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5
Q

how many arrows should you draw in an E2 mechanism and what are the steps?

A

Three arrows

The first arrow shows the base taking a proton from a Beta carbon

the second arrow shows the electrons from the deprotonated proton moving into the C-C bond to form a double bond

in the third step, which is the third arrow, there are temporarily 10 electrons, which causes the leaving group to leave

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6
Q

what defines a good nucleophile?

A

it has a full negative charge and polarizable

but it varies in the solvent

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7
Q

what is the trend of nucleophilicty in all solvents across a row

A

the nucleophile is better across a row from right to left

Ch3>NH2>OH>F

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8
Q

what is the trend of nucleophilicity in protic solutions

A

nucleophilicity increases down a column (in protic solvents, the best nucleophiles have larger atoms)

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9
Q

what’s the trend of nucleophilicity in aprotic solutions?

A

nucleophilicity increases up a column (the electronegativity does not attract the aprotic solvents)

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10
Q

if you have a methyl substrate, what reaction will proceed?

A

an SN2

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11
Q

If you have a primary substrate and a strong base bulky (TBuO, ) what reaction will proceed

A

E2

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12
Q

If you have a primary substrate and a good nucleophile (CN-, NH2) ), what reaction will proceed

A

SN2

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13
Q

If you have a secondary alkyl halide and a weak base (Cl-, I-, Br-) what reaction will proceed?

A

SN2

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14
Q

if you have a secondary alkyl halide and a strong base (tBUO, MeO, EtO)

A

E2

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15
Q

what reaction does an allylic halide and a benzyllic halide favor and why?

A

it favors an SN1 And E1 this is because it is highly resonance stabilized

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16
Q

if you have a tertiary alkyl halide, what reaction is favored if you have a weak base

A

it will favor an SN1 and an E1 in a 50:50 mixture

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17
Q

if you have a tertiary alkyl halide, what reaction will be favored if you have a strong base

A

it will favor an E2 and have 100% alkene formation

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18
Q

an E2 reaction will not occur unless

A

the leaving group and the Beta proton are anti-periplanar to one another

19
Q

what is another way to describe an elimination reaction

A

you could call it a Beta-Elimination reaction

20
Q

what does dehydrohalogenation mean?

A

it means you removed an H+ and a halogen while forming an alkene

21
Q

what always occur in company with an Sn1

A

an E1 will always occur with an Sn1 in a 50:50 mix

22
Q

what type of reaction is favored with a hindered strong base?

A

an E2, it is too big to get in so it prefers acid base chemistry

23
Q

what type of reaction is favored with a small unhindered strong base?

A

an SN2, it can fit into the alkane as a substitution

24
Q

when can we use cis and trans nomenclature

A

only with disubstituted alkenes

25
Q

what is the z nomenclature

A

when the groups with higher priority (atomic #) are on the same side

26
Q

what is the e nomenclature

A

when the priority groups are on opposite sides

27
Q

why does SN2 not occur in a tertiary reaction?

A

due to steric strain

28
Q

What reactions favor solvolysis reactions?

A

S1 and E1

29
Q

what are some common solvolysis solvents and why do they favor S1 and E1

A

H20, MeOH, EtOH, these are all protic solvents which are good for SN1 + E2

30
Q

Why do strong bases prefer Elimination

A

they prefer to react in acid base chemistry rather than substitution

31
Q

Which alkene is more stable and why? Cis or Trans?

A

trans is more stable since it has less steric strain so it is lower in energy and produces less heat

32
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

it is the addition of a hydrogen to an alkene

33
Q

what is the heat of hydrogenation

A

it describes the enthalpy change that comes fro the exothermic release of a hydrogenation reaction

34
Q

if you have a more negative/ larger enthalpy change in a hydrogenation reaction, what does it mean?

A

it means that the alkene was less stable and higher in energy

35
Q

what alkene is the most stable

A

the one with the most substitutions

(tetra> tri>di>mono>ethene)

36
Q

what is hyper-conjugation

A

greater number # of alkyl groups = greater alkene stability

37
Q

how does hyper conjugation work

A

the more alkyl halides you have, the more electron donating groups to donate electron density into empty Π* orbital

38
Q

if you have two possible beta hydrogens for an E2 reaction, which will be the major product and which will be the minor product

A

the major product will have more substitutions

39
Q

what is zaitsevs rule?

A

Zaitsev’s rule states that an elimination reaction will give a more stable, highly substituted alkene

40
Q

if you use a bulky base and have two possible beta hydrogens to take, which way will the reaction proceed?

A

the bulky base will take the more accessible hydrogen, which will result in a less stable, less substituted alkene

41
Q

what is hoffmans rule

A

Hoffman’s rule is that when we use a strong bulky base, we need to take the most accessible hydrogen which may result in a less stable/ less substituted product as the major product

it is the reverse of zaitsev’s rule

42
Q

why is cyclopropene less stable than cyclopropane

A

in cyclopropene, the Π bond creates an sp2 carbon which has a ideal 120° bond angle. In cyclopropene, the bond angle is 60° which is a larger deviation than the bond angle in a cyclopropane so it is higher energy and less stable

43
Q

can a cyclohexene be trans

A

no, it is always cis

44
Q
A