elimination

Question 1

elimination of urine

Answer 1

urine is formed in the kidneys and travels down the ureters into the bladder and expelled via urethra

Question 2

factors affecting urination

Answer 2

pre-renal: dehydration, shock, blood loss
renal: damage to kidney
post renal: enlarged prostate

privacy
social expectations
anxiety and emotional stress

growth and development
fluid balance

Question 3

UTI

Answer 3

suspected by:

dysuria, lower back pain, frequency, urgency, smell, colour, fever, confusion

Question 4

GI tract

Answer 4

hollow mucous membrane line organs; oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large

organs absorb fluid and nutrients and store faeces

Question 5

factors affecting bowel elimination

Answer 5

age, infection, diet, fluid intake, activity, psychological, habits, position during defaecation, pain, pregancy, surgery, medication, tests

Question 6

constipation

Answer 6

difficulty in defecation over time. hard dry stool, bloating ab pain.

causes;

• lifestyle
• ageing
• neurological disorders
• psychiatrics
• latrogenics

prevention;

• encourage activity
• increase fibre
• prunes, kiwifruit (family bring in food)
• increase fluids
• laxatives

Question 7

types of laxatives

Answer 7

osmotic: softens stool and draws water into bowel (lactulose)
surfactant: stool softener, inc water penetration ( coloxyl)

bulk forming: inc size, promotes peristalsis (Metamucil)